--- MAPPING: wages of labour-to-S1 Operations ---

# wages of labour -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

The monetary compensation paid to workers for their time and effort, which varies according to five principal circumstances: the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employment itself, the ease or difficulty of learning the trade, the constancy or inconstancy of employment, the degree of trust required in the worker, and the probability or improbability of success in the occupation.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the operational units that directly create value through concrete work and production activities. Each operational element is itself a viable system with autonomy within constraints.

## Mapping Rationale

Wages of labour directly represent the compensation for operational work performed by System 1 units. The labour itself is the primary productive activity that creates economic value, making wages the direct price of System 1 operations. Smith's analysis of wage differentials across employments reflects how different operational activities command different compensation based on their characteristics.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: wages of labour-to-S2 Coordination ---

# wages of labour -> S2 Coordination

## Economic Entity Reference

The monetary compensation paid to workers for their time and effort, which varies according to five principal circumstances: the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employment itself, the ease or difficulty of learning the trade, the constancy or inconstancy of employment, the degree of trust required in the worker, and the probability or improbability of success in the occupation.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 2 provides the information channels and bodies that allow primary activities to communicate with each other and coordinate. It dampens oscillations and resolves conflicts between operational units through standardisation and scheduling mechanisms.

## Mapping Rationale

Wage rates function as coordination signals that balance labour supply and demand across different employments. They resolve conflicts between workers competing for positions and employers competing for labour by providing a common metric for valuing different types of work. The five circumstances Smith identifies that affect wages represent the coordination parameters that balance labour markets.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: wages of labour-to-S3 Control ---

# wages of labour -> S3 Control

## Economic Entity Reference

The monetary compensation paid to workers for their time and effort, which varies according to five principal circumstances: the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employment itself, the ease or difficulty of learning the trade, the constancy or inconstancy of employment, the degree of trust required in the worker, and the probability or improbability of success in the occupation.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 3 establishes the rules, resources, rights, and responsibilities of System 1 operations and provides an interface between operational units and higher management. It represents day-to-day control that optimises the internal environment.

## Mapping Rationale

Wages represent the primary mechanism through which economic control is exercised over labour. They establish the resource allocation rules for human capital and create the framework within which workers operate. Wage policies and labour regulations fall under System 3's domain of internal economic governance.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: profits of stock-to-S1 Operations ---

# profits of stock -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

The returns earned by those who employ capital in various trades and employments, which are affected by the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the business and the risk or security with which it is attended, but are less influenced by the difficulty of learning the trade compared to wages of labour.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the operational units that directly create value through concrete work and production activities, including the deployment of capital in productive enterprises.

## Mapping Rationale

Profits of stock represent the returns to capital deployed in operational activities that directly produce economic value. The employment of stock in various trades constitutes the operational work of System 1 units at the capital deployment level, making profits the direct measure of success for these operational activities.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: profits of stock-to-S4 Intelligence ---

# profits of stock -> S4 Intelligence

## Economic Entity Reference

The returns earned by those who employ capital in various trades and employments, which are affected by the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the business and the risk or security with which it is attended, but are less influenced by the difficulty of learning the trade compared to wages of labour.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 4 captures all relevant information about the outside-and-then environment and is responsible for strategic responses. It looks outward to monitor how the organisation needs to adapt to remain viable.

## Mapping Rationale

Profits serve as intelligence signals about the viability of different capital employments in the external environment. They indicate which trades and markets offer favourable conditions for investment and which do not, providing the information necessary for strategic capital allocation decisions.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: apprenticeships-to-S3 Control ---

# apprenticeships -> S3 Control

## Economic Entity Reference

A system where young workers serve a master for a fixed term (historically seven years) to learn a trade, during which the apprentice's labour belongs to the master while the master provides training, maintenance, and sometimes a small wage, creating barriers to entry in certain trades.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 3 establishes the rules, resources, rights, and responsibilities of System 1 operations. It represents the regulatory framework that governs how operational units function and interact.

## Mapping Rationale

Apprenticeships represent a regulatory mechanism that controls entry into trades and governs the relationship between masters and apprentices. They establish the rules for skill transmission and create institutional barriers that affect the internal structure of economic operations.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: apprenticeships-to-S2 Coordination ---

# apprenticeships -> S2 Coordination

## Economic Entity Reference

A system where young workers serve a master for a fixed term (historically seven years) to learn a trade, during which the apprentice's labour belongs to the master while the master provides training, maintenance, and sometimes a small wage, creating barriers to entry in certain trades.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that allow operational units to communicate and resolve conflicts. It standardises practices and creates the information channels necessary for smooth operation.

## Mapping Rationale

Apprenticeship systems coordinate the transmission of skills across generations and establish standardised training periods that affect labour market dynamics. They create coordination mechanisms for skill development that influence how different trades maintain their workforce.

## Mapping Strength

Moderate

--- MAPPING: corporation laws-to-S3 Control ---

# corporation laws -> S3 Control

## Economic Entity Reference

Legal privileges granted to incorporated trades and professions that restrict competition by limiting who may practice the trade, often requiring apprenticeship terms, membership fees, or other barriers to entry, thereby enabling members to charge higher prices than would prevail under free competition.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the rules and constraints within which System 1 units operate.

## Mapping Rationale

Corporation laws represent direct regulatory control over economic activities, establishing who can participate in which trades and under what conditions. They create the institutional framework that governs market operations and restricts competition.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: corporation laws-to-S5 Policy ---

# corporation laws -> S5 Policy

## Economic Entity Reference

Legal privileges granted to incorporated trades and professions that restrict competition by limiting who may practice the trade, often requiring apprenticeship terms, membership fees, or other barriers to entry, thereby enabling members to charge higher prices than would prevail under free competition.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 5 defines the identity, values, and purpose of the organisation. It represents the supreme policy-making authority that establishes the overarching framework within which all other systems operate.

## Mapping Rationale

Corporation laws reflect sovereign policy choices about the structure of economic organisation and the balance between competition and regulation. They express fundamental policy decisions about economic identity and the role of the state in market governance.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: settlement laws-to-S3 Control ---

# settlement laws -> S3 Control

## Economic Entity Reference

Legal provisions that restrict the movement of poor persons by requiring them to obtain official settlement in a parish before residing there, creating significant barriers to labour mobility and preventing workers from moving to areas where their skills might be most valued.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations and controls the internal environment. It creates the rules that determine how resources, including labour, can be deployed.

## Mapping Rationale

Settlement laws represent direct regulatory control over labour mobility and resource allocation. They establish the institutional framework that governs where workers can operate and create artificial constraints on the internal economic environment.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: certificates-to-S2 Coordination ---

# certificates -> S2 Coordination

## Economic Entity Reference

Official documents issued by one parish that certify a person's legal settlement there, allowing them to reside in another parish without gaining settlement rights there, serving as a partial remedy to the settlement laws' restrictions on labour mobility.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 2 provides coordination mechanisms that allow different operational units to communicate and resolve conflicts. It creates standardised procedures for managing interactions between different parts of the system.

## Mapping Rationale

Certificates function as coordination mechanisms that facilitate labour movement between parishes while maintaining settlement control. They create a standardised administrative procedure for managing the complex interactions between different local jurisdictions.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: public education of professionals-to-S3 Control ---

# public education of professionals -> S3 Control

## Economic Entity Reference

The practice of funding the education of clergy, lawyers, physicians, and other professionals through public or charitable means, which creates an oversupply of practitioners and drives down their earnings below what would prevail if education were funded privately.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the institutional structures that control how resources are allocated and how professions are organised.

## Mapping Rationale

Public funding of professional education represents a regulatory choice about how human capital is developed and deployed. It establishes the institutional framework that governs professional training and creates artificial conditions in the labour market.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: speculative trade-to-S4 Intelligence ---

# speculative trade -> S4 Intelligence

## Economic Entity Reference

A form of commerce where merchants rapidly shift between different commodities and markets based on anticipated profit opportunities, rather than maintaining regular, established business operations in specific trades, characterized by irregular and unpredictable returns.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats.

## Mapping Rationale

Speculative trade functions as an intelligence-gathering activity that responds to environmental signals about market conditions. It represents the strategic adaptation of capital to changing opportunities in the external economic environment.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: natural state of employments-to-S5 Policy ---

# natural state of employments -> S5 Policy

## Economic Entity Reference

The condition of economic activities when they are left to follow their natural course without artificial restraints or encouragements, where wages and profits adjust freely according to supply and demand, allowing inequalities to be compensated by corresponding advantages or disadvantages.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 5 defines the identity, values, and purpose of the organisation. It represents the supreme policy-making authority that establishes the overarching framework and philosophical foundations.

## Mapping Rationale

The concept of the natural state represents the fundamental policy framework for understanding economic organisation. It expresses the philosophical identity of the economic system and the policy principles that should govern economic activity.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: ordinary state of employments-to-S1 Operations ---

# ordinary state of employments -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

The typical or usual condition of economic activities when demand for labour fluctuates around normal levels, as opposed to periods of extraordinary demand or declining industries, representing the baseline against which exceptional wage variations are measured.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose under normal conditions. These are the routine productive activities that constitute the day-to-day operations.

## Mapping Rationale

The ordinary state of employments represents the baseline operational condition of the economic system under normal circumstances. It describes the routine functioning of System 1 units when they are operating under typical market conditions.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: principal employments-to-S1 Operations ---

# principal employments -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

The main or primary occupation through which individuals derive their subsistence, as opposed to secondary or occasional work undertaken during leisure time, which affects how wages are determined and how workers value their time.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the main operational units that directly create value through their core productive activities.

## Mapping Rationale

Principal employments are the core System 1 operations through which individuals generate their primary economic output. They represent the main productive activities that constitute the fundamental operations of the economic system.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: public mourning effects-to-S4 Intelligence ---

# public mourning effects -> S4 Intelligence

## Economic Entity Reference

The temporary increase in demand for black cloth and related mourning goods that raises their market price above the natural price, creating higher profits for dealers in these commodities during periods of national bereavement.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 4 captures information about external environmental conditions and identifies opportunities for strategic response. It monitors changes in the environment that require adaptation.

## Mapping Rationale

Public mourning effects represent environmental signals that create temporary market opportunities requiring strategic response. They function as intelligence about changing demand conditions that affect capital allocation decisions.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: piece-work wages-to-S1 Operations ---

# piece-work wages -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

A system of compensation where workers are paid according to the quantity of output they produce rather than receiving a fixed daily or weekly wage, creating a direct incentive for increased productivity and diligence.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce value. These are the direct productive activities that create economic output.

## Mapping Rationale

Piece-work wages are directly tied to operational output and productivity. They represent the compensation mechanism for System 1 units based on their actual production rather than time spent, making them intrinsic to operational performance.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: piece-work wages-to-S3 Control ---

# piece-work wages -> S3 Control

## Economic Entity Reference

A system of compensation where workers are paid according to the quantity of output they produce rather than receiving a fixed daily or weekly wage, creating a direct incentive for increased productivity and diligence.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 3 establishes the rules and controls that govern how System 1 operations function. It creates the incentive structures and performance management systems.

## Mapping Rationale

Piece-work wages represent a control mechanism that governs worker behaviour and productivity. They establish the rules for compensation that directly influence operational performance and create the incentive structure for System 1 units.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: common labour wages-to-S1 Operations ---

# common labour wages -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

The standard compensation paid to unskilled or semi-skilled workers performing basic manual tasks, which serves as a benchmark against which wages in other occupations are compared and often adjusted.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the fundamental productive activities that create basic economic value.

## Mapping Rationale

Common labour wages represent the baseline compensation for fundamental System 1 operations. They establish the standard for measuring the value of basic productive work and serve as the reference point for all other operational compensation.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: scarcity of hands-to-S2 Coordination ---

# scarcity of hands -> S2 Coordination

## Economic Entity Reference

A condition in specific localities where the supply of available workers falls short of demand, causing wages to rise above their normal level as employers compete for limited labour resources.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that balance supply and demand between different operational units. It resolves conflicts and ensures smooth operation across the system.

## Mapping Rationale

Scarcity of hands represents a coordination problem that requires System 2 mechanisms to resolve. It creates the need for wage adjustments and labour mobility that coordinate the distribution of workers across different employments.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: overstocked market conditions-to-S2 Coordination ---

# overstocked market conditions -> S2 Coordination

## Economic Entity Reference

A situation where the supply of workers in a particular trade exceeds the demand for their services, forcing wages down below what would be necessary to attract new entrants and causing existing practitioners to accept lower compensation.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that balance supply and demand and resolve conflicts between operational units. It ensures that resources are properly distributed across the system.

## Mapping Rationale

Overstocked market conditions represent coordination failures that require System 2 mechanisms to resolve. They create the need for market adjustments that coordinate the distribution of workers across different employments.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: advancing state of manufacture-to-S1 Operations ---

# advancing state of manufacture -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

A condition of industrial development where production is expanding, creating continual demand for new workers and maintaining higher wages due to the growing need for labour in the expanding enterprise.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through manufacturing and production.

## Mapping Rationale

Advancing manufacture represents the operational expansion of System 1 units in the manufacturing sector. It describes the growth and development of primary productive activities that create economic value through increased production.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: declining manufacture-to-S1 Operations ---

# declining manufacture -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

A condition of industrial contraction where production is decreasing, leading to surplus labour supply as workers cannot easily transition to other employments due to legal and institutional barriers, forcing wages down below sustainable levels.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through manufacturing and production.

## Mapping Rationale

Declining manufacture represents the operational contraction of System 1 units in the manufacturing sector. It describes the reduction and potential failure of primary productive activities that create economic value through decreased production.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: inland trade-to-S1 Operations ---

# inland trade -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

Commercial exchange that occurs within the boundaries of a single country, as distinguished from foreign trade, which Smith notes is generally less uncertain in its returns and therefore typically offers lower profit rates than foreign commerce.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through commercial exchange and trade.

## Mapping Rationale

Inland trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in domestic commercial exchange. It constitutes the primary productive work of merchants and traders operating within the national economy.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: foreign trade-to-S4 Intelligence ---

# foreign trade -> S4 Intelligence

## Economic Entity Reference

Commercial exchange between different countries, which Smith identifies as generally more uncertain in its returns than inland trade, though the degree of uncertainty varies among different branches of foreign commerce.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats in the broader environment.

## Mapping Rationale

Foreign trade functions as an intelligence-gathering activity that responds to environmental signals about international market conditions. It represents the strategic adaptation of capital to opportunities in the external global economic environment.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: smuggling trade-to-S4 Intelligence ---

# smuggling trade -> S4 Intelligence

## Economic Entity Reference

The illegal transportation of goods across borders to avoid customs duties and trade restrictions, which Smith identifies as the most hazardous of all trades but also potentially the most profitable when successful.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats, including those that exist in regulatory grey areas.

## Mapping Rationale

Smuggling trade represents the extreme end of environmental scanning and strategic response to regulatory constraints. It functions as an intelligence activity that identifies and exploits gaps in the regulatory environment for strategic advantage.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: common returns of stock-to-S1 Operations ---

# common returns of stock -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

The typical or average profits earned by capital employed in various trades under normal market conditions, which Smith argues should be sufficient to compensate for occasional losses and provide a surplus profit comparable to insurance returns if risk were fully compensated.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through the deployment of capital in various trades.

## Mapping Rationale

Common returns of stock represent the baseline operational performance of capital deployed in System 1 activities. They establish the standard measure of success for capital employed in primary productive activities across different trades.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: extraordinary profits-to-S1 Operations ---

# extraordinary profits -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

Returns on capital that significantly exceed the common or average profits in a particular trade or location, typically occurring when new enterprises are established or when demand conditions temporarily favour certain commodities.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value, including new enterprises and expanding operations.

## Mapping Rationale

Extraordinary profits represent exceptional operational performance by System 1 units. They describe the above-normal returns achieved by primary productive activities during periods of expansion or favourable market conditions.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: public registers of manufactures-to-S2 Coordination ---

# public registers of manufactures -> S2 Coordination

## Economic Entity Reference

Official records maintained in towns that list the names and locations of tradesmen practicing specific occupations, which Smith argues facilitates the formation of trade combinations and price-fixing agreements by making it easier for competitors to communicate and coordinate.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that allow operational units to communicate and resolve conflicts. It creates standardised procedures for managing interactions between different parts of the system.

## Mapping Rationale

Public registers function as coordination mechanisms that facilitate communication between tradesmen. They create standardised administrative procedures that coordinate the interactions between different members of the same trade.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: exclusive corporation-to-S3 Control ---

# exclusive corporation -> S3 Control

## Economic Entity Reference

A legally privileged trading organisation that restricts membership and limits competition within its trade, enabling members to maintain higher prices and profits than would prevail under free market conditions.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the rules and constraints within which System 1 units operate and establishes the institutional structure of the economy.

## Mapping Rationale

Exclusive corporations represent direct regulatory control over economic activities, establishing who can participate in which trades and under what conditions. They create the institutional framework that governs market operations and restricts competition.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: adulterine guilds-to-S3 Control ---

# adulterine guilds -> S3 Control

## Economic Entity Reference

Unauthorised trade associations that attempt to exercise corporate privileges without formal legal incorporation, which Smith notes were sometimes tolerated by medieval kings in exchange for annual fines, representing early forms of rent-seeking behaviour.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the institutional structures that control how professions and trades are organised and regulated.

## Mapping Rationale

Adulterine guilds represent informal regulatory mechanisms that attempt to control trade practices outside the formal legal framework. They establish alternative rules for market governance that operate parallel to official regulatory structures.

## Mapping Strength

Moderate

--- MAPPING: university of trades-to-S3 Control ---

# university of trades -> S3 Control

## Economic Entity Reference

The medieval term for incorporated trades and crafts, which Smith notes was the proper Latin name for any incorporation, drawing a parallel between the seven-year terms for apprenticeships and the seven-year terms for obtaining academic degrees.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the institutional structures that control how professions and trades are organised and regulated.

## Mapping Rationale

The university of trades represents the historical regulatory framework that governed craft organisation and skill transmission. It established the institutional rules for trade governance and professional regulation.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: assize of bread-to-S3 Control ---

# assize of bread -> S3 Control

## Economic Entity Reference

A legal regulation that fixes the price of bread based on the price of wheat, which Smith identifies as one of the few remaining examples of medieval attempts to regulate merchant profits by controlling commodity prices.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the rules and constraints within which System 1 units operate, including price controls and market regulations.

## Mapping Rationale

The assize of bread represents direct regulatory control over commodity prices and market operations. It establishes the institutional framework that governs how essential goods are priced and distributed in the economy.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: retail trade-to-S1 Operations ---

# retail trade -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

The sale of goods in small quantities directly to consumers, which Smith notes typically offers higher apparent profits than wholesale trade due to the additional labour and skill required, though much of this apparent profit represents disguised wages.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through commercial exchange and trade.

## Mapping Rationale

Retail trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in direct consumer commerce. It constitutes the primary productive work of merchants operating at the final stage of the distribution chain.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: wholesale trade-to-S1 Operations ---

# wholesale trade -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

The sale of goods in large quantities to retailers or other businesses rather than directly to consumers, which Smith notes typically offers lower apparent profits than retail trade but represents more purely the returns to capital investment.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through commercial exchange and trade.

## Mapping Rationale

Wholesale trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in bulk commercial exchange. It constitutes the primary productive work of merchants operating at the intermediate stage of the distribution chain.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: public lottery-to-S4 Intelligence ---

# public lottery -> S4 Intelligence

## Economic Entity Reference

A government-sponsored gambling scheme where participants purchase tickets for chances to win prizes, which Smith uses as an analogy to illustrate how people systematically overvalue potential gains while undervaluing probable losses.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats, including those based on probability and risk assessment.

## Mapping Rationale

The public lottery functions as an intelligence mechanism about human decision-making under uncertainty. It represents the strategic assessment of risk and reward in the external environment of economic opportunities.

## Mapping Strength

Moderate

--- MAPPING: maritime employment-to-S1 Operations ---

# maritime employment -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

Work in the shipping and naval services, which Smith analyses as offering better prospects for advancement and fortune than military service, though still involving significant risks and hardships that are compensated through wages and the hope of prize money.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through maritime commerce and naval services.

## Mapping Rationale

Maritime employment represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in shipping and naval services. It constitutes the primary productive work of sailors and naval personnel who create economic value through maritime commerce.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: military employment-to-S1 Operations ---

# military employment -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

Service in the armed forces, which Smith analyses as offering poor compensation relative to the risks involved, with limited prospects for advancement and wages that fall below those of common labourers, sustained only by romantic notions of honour and distinction.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through military service and national defence.

## Mapping Rationale

Military employment represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in armed forces service. It constitutes the primary productive work of soldiers who create economic value through national defence and military operations.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: public executioner-to-S1 Operations ---

# public executioner -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

The state official responsible for carrying out capital punishment, which Smith identifies as the most detestable of all employments yet paradoxically better paid than most common trades relative to the amount of work performed.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value, even when they involve socially necessary but disagreeable work.

## Mapping Rationale

Public executioner represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in state execution services. It constitutes the primary productive work of state officials who create economic value through the performance of necessary but socially disagreeable functions.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: poacher-to-S1 Operations ---

# poacher -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

An individual who illegally hunts or fishes on private property, which Smith identifies as typically being very poor even in countries where poaching is severely punished, illustrating how natural enjoyment of certain activities can drive down compensation.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value, even when they operate outside legal frameworks.

## Mapping Rationale

Poacher represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in illegal hunting and fishing. It constitutes the primary productive work of individuals who create economic value through the extraction of natural resources, even when operating outside legal frameworks.

## Mapping Strength

Moderate

--- MAPPING: coal-heaver-to-S1 Operations ---

# coal-heaver -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

A labourer who unloads coal from ships, which Smith identifies as performing work that is extremely arduous, dirty, and subject to irregular employment, commanding wages that are four to five times higher than common labour.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through manual labour and material handling.

## Mapping Rationale

Coal-heaver represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in manual labour for material handling. It constitutes the primary productive work of labourers who create economic value through the physical movement of coal and other materials.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: collier-to-S1 Operations ---

# collier -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

A coal miner, which Smith identifies as performing extremely dangerous and dirty work that commands wages double or triple those of common labour, illustrating how hazardous and disagreeable employment commands premium compensation.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through extraction and mining operations.

## Mapping Rationale

Collier represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in coal mining. It constitutes the primary productive work of miners who create economic value through the extraction of coal from the earth.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: butcher trade-to-S1 Operations ---

# butcher trade -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

The commercial activity of slaughtering and selling meat, which Smith identifies as a brutal and odious business that nonetheless offers higher profits than most common trades due to its disagreeable nature.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through food processing and distribution.

## Mapping Rationale

Butcher trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in meat processing and distribution. It constitutes the primary productive work of butchers who create economic value through the transformation of livestock into consumable meat products.

## Mapping Strength

Strong

--- MAPPING: inn or tavern keeper-to-S1 Operations ---

# inn or tavern keeper -> S1 Operations

## Economic Entity Reference

An individual who operates a lodging and drinking establishment, which Smith identifies as a business that is neither agreeable nor creditable due to the lack of household autonomy and exposure to difficult customers, yet can yield substantial profits relative to the capital required.

## VSM Concept Reference

System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through hospitality and service industries.

## Mapping Rationale

Inn or tavern keeper represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in hospitality services. It constitutes the primary productive work of service providers who create economic value through lodging and food service operations.

## Mapping Strength

Strong