# Power of Exchanging

## Definition

The capacity of economic agents to trade the surplus produce of their own labour for the produce of others. This power is the precondition for the division of labour: without the ability to exchange, there is no incentive to specialise, since a worker cannot consume the entirety of a single specialised output. The power of exchanging is shaped by transportation infrastructure, population density, and the absence of political barriers to trade.

## Source Chapter

Book 1, Chapter 3: "That the Division of Labour is Limited by the Extent of the Market"

## Context

Smith introduces this concept in the chapter's opening sentence as the causal mechanism linking market size to specialisation. It serves as the bridge between the division of labour (Chapter 1-2) and the geographic and infrastructural arguments that follow.

## Economic Domain

Exchange

## Smith's Original Wording

> "As it is the power of exchanging that gives occasion to the division of labour, so the extent of this division must always be limited by the extent of that power."

## Modern Interpretation

This corresponds to the modern concept of market access or trade connectivity — the practical ability of producers to reach buyers, encompassing transaction costs, transportation costs, and institutional barriers to exchange.
