--- ENTITY: wages of labour ---

# Wages of Labour

## Definition

The natural recompense or compensation that a labourer receives for their work, which in the original state of things constituted the whole produce of their labour before the appropriation of land and accumulation of stock created deductions for rent and profit.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

The central concept explored throughout the chapter, examining how wages are determined by the contract between masters and workmen, how they vary across different circumstances, and their relationship to national wealth and population growth.

## Economic Domain

Distribution

---
--- ENTITY: landlord ---

# Landlord

## Definition

The owner of land who, once land becomes private property, demands a share of almost all the produce which the labourer can either raise or collect from it, making rent the first deduction from the produce of labour employed upon land.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Introduced as one of the three parties in the economic relationship, alongside the labourer and master, who claims a portion of the produce through rent once land becomes private property.

## Economic Domain

Distribution

---
--- ENTITY: master manufacturer ---

# Master Manufacturer

## Definition

The employer who advances materials, wages, and maintenance to workmen in manufacturing, sharing in the produce of their labour or in the value which their labour adds to the materials, with this profit making a second deduction from the produce of labour.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Presented as the second major economic actor alongside landlords, who advances capital to workers and claims profit as their share of the produce of labour.

## Economic Domain

Distribution

---
--- ENTITY: combination of workmen ---

# Combination of Workmen

## Definition

The collective action by labourers to raise their wages through coordinated efforts, which Smith observes are frequently heard of and often involve violence, clamour, and outrage, though generally ending in punishment or ruin of the ringleaders.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Discussed as one side of the wage negotiation dynamic, contrasting with the more successful combinations of masters, and illustrating the power imbalance between workers and employers.

## Economic Domain

Regulation

---
--- ENTITY: combination of masters ---

# Combination of Masters

## Definition

The tacit and constant agreement among employers not to raise wages above their actual rate, which Smith argues is the natural state of things and is everywhere a most unpopular action to violate, often conducted with silence and secrecy when attempting to lower wages below this rate.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Presented as the more effective side of wage negotiations, able to hold out longer than workmen due to greater financial resources and legal authorization for their combinations.

## Economic Domain

Regulation

---
--- ENTITY: funds for maintaining labour ---

# Funds for Maintaining Labour

## Definition

The financial resources destined for the payment of wages, consisting of two kinds: first, the revenue which is over and above what is necessary for the maintenance of those who possess it, and secondly, the stock which is over and above what is necessary for the employment of their masters.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Identified as the determining factor for the demand for labour, with increases in these funds leading to increases in the number of labourers employed and consequently higher wages.

## Economic Domain

Accumulation

---
--- ENTITY: menial servants ---

# Menial Servants

## Definition

Domestic workers employed by landlords, annuitants, or monied men who have revenue beyond what they judge sufficient to maintain their own family, with increases in their surplus revenue naturally leading to increases in the number of such servants.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Used as an example of how increased revenue for those who live by income rather than labour creates additional demand for wage-labourers.

## Economic Domain

Consumption

---
--- ENTITY: journeymen ---

# Journeymen

## Definition

Independent workmen employed by master craftsmen who have surplus stock beyond what is necessary to purchase materials and maintain themselves, with increases in this surplus naturally leading to increases in the number of journeymen employed for profit.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Presented as the second category of wage-labourers, distinct from menial servants, employed by independent craftsmen to work with surplus stock for profit.

## Economic Domain

Production

---
--- ENTITY: lowest rate of wages ---

# Lowest Rate of Wages

## Definition

The minimum wage below which it seems impossible to reduce the ordinary wages of labour for any considerable time, which must at least be sufficient to maintain the labourer and enable them to bring up a family, otherwise the race of such workmen could not last beyond the first generation.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Identified as the natural floor for wages determined by the necessity of maintaining workers and their families, below which labour supply would eventually diminish.

## Economic Domain

Distribution

---
--- ENTITY: stationary country ---

# Stationary Country

## Definition

A nation whose wealth has remained long unchanged in extent, where the funds for maintaining labour have continued for several centuries at the same or nearly the same level, resulting in stable population and wages at the lowest rate consistent with common humanity.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Used as a contrast to thriving nations, with China presented as an example where long-term economic stability has resulted in low wages and difficult conditions for labourers.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: thriving country ---

# Thriving Country

## Definition

A nation experiencing continual increase in wealth, where the continual increase in the number of inhabitants and the funds for maintaining labour create competition among masters for workers, naturally raising wages above the lowest rate.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Presented as the condition most favourable to high wages, with North America used as an example of rapid economic growth leading to high wages and favourable conditions for labour.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: labouring poor ---

# Labouring Poor

## Definition

The great body of people who live by wages, including labourers, journeymen, and servants of every kind, who make up the far greater part of every great political society and whose improved circumstances are regarded as an advantage rather than an inconvenience to society.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

The central focus of Smith's analysis of wages, representing the majority of society whose welfare is presented as essential to a flourishing and happy society.

## Economic Domain

Distribution

---
--- ENTITY: progressive state of society ---

# Progressive State of Society

## Definition

The condition of a society that is advancing to the further acquisition of riches, rather than having acquired its full complement, which Smith argues is the happiest and most comfortable state for the labouring poor and all orders of society.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Identified as the optimal condition for wages and general prosperity, contrasting with the dull stationary state and the miserable declining state.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: piece-work wages ---

# Piece-Work Wages

## Definition

A system of compensation where workmen are paid by the piece rather than by time, which Smith observes leads to greater activity and diligence among workers, though sometimes resulting in overwork and health damage when wages are high.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Discussed as a wage system that encourages industriousness but requires moderation to prevent workers from ruining their health through excessive application.

## Economic Domain

Distribution

---
--- ENTITY: cheap years ---

# Cheap Years

## Definition

Periods of agricultural abundance and low prices that tend to increase the proportion of independent workmen relative to journeymen and servants, while also encouraging masters to employ more labour due to increased funds for maintaining servants.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Examined for their effects on wages and employment patterns, with Smith arguing they tend to increase independent work and moderate labour application.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: dear years ---

# Dear Years

## Definition

Periods of scarcity and high prices that tend to diminish the proportion of independent workmen relative to journeymen and servants, while also reducing the funds for maintaining servants and increasing competition for employment.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Examined for their effects on wages and employment patterns, with Smith arguing they tend to increase dependence and sometimes lead to lower wages.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: subsistence agriculture ---

# Subsistence Agriculture

## Definition

The condition in China where labourers are content if they can earn enough through a day's labour to purchase a small quantity of rice in the evening, representing the lowest level of subsistence that still maintains population numbers.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Used as an example of how low wages in a stationary economy can still maintain population through minimal subsistence levels.

## Economic Domain

Production

---
--- ENTITY: public registers of manufactures ---

# Public Registers of Manufactures

## Definition

Official records that Smith argues often fail to capture the full extent of manufacturing activity, particularly the extraordinary work done in cheap years by independent workmen and family members working for their own consumption.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Criticized as incomplete representations of economic activity that merchants and manufacturers often use to falsely announce prosperity or declension.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: stock of the country ---

# Stock of the Country

# Stock of the Country

## Definition

The accumulated wealth of a nation that, when increasing, raises wages of labour by enabling masters to employ more workers and by increasing the demand for labour through both revenue and capital investment.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Identified as the fundamental driver of wage increases, with its growth creating the funds necessary to maintain and employ more labour.

## Economic Domain

Accumulation

---
--- ENTITY: demand for labour ---

# Demand for Labour

## Definition

The need for workers in various employments that necessarily increases with the increase of the revenue and stock of every country, and cannot possibly increase without it, regulating the production of men like any other commodity.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Presented as the key determinant of wages, with its fluctuations explaining variations in wage levels across different times and places.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: natural complement of riches ---

# Natural Complement of Riches

## Definition

The maximum level of wealth that the nature of a country's laws and institutions permits it to acquire, beyond which further accumulation becomes impossible, as Smith suggests has occurred in China.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Used to explain why some wealthy nations like China can remain stationary with low wages despite their riches.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: colony prosperity ---

# Colony Prosperity

## Definition

The rapid economic growth and population increase in British North American colonies, where wages are high despite lower national wealth than England, due to the rapid increase in funds for maintaining labour.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Presented as an example of how the rate of wealth increase, rather than absolute wealth, determines wage levels.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: economic backwardness ---

# Economic Backwardness

# Economic Backwardness

## Definition

The condition of nations like Bengal where funds for maintaining labour are decaying, leading to declining wages, increased poverty, and potential depopulation as labour supply exceeds demand.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Used as an example of how declining economic conditions lead to falling wages and deteriorating living standards for the labouring poor.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: economic prosperity symptoms ---

# Economic Prosperity Symptoms

## Definition

The observable indicators that a nation is economically thriving, including high wages of labour, increasing population, and the liberal reward of labour that encourages propagation and industry.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Identified as the natural symptoms of increasing national wealth, contrasting with the symptoms of economic stagnation or decline.

## Economic Domain

General Theory

---
--- ENTITY: economic stagnation symptoms ---

# Economic Stagnation Symptoms

## Definition

The observable indicators that a nation's economy is at a standstill, including scanty maintenance of the labouring poor and their starving condition, which Smith presents as natural symptoms that things are going backwards.

## Source Chapter

Book I, Chapter 8

## Context

Identified as the opposite of prosperity symptoms, indicating economic decline and deteriorating conditions for the labouring classes.

## Economic Domain

General Theory