# Chapter VSM Analysis: Real and Nominal Price of Commodities

## Chapter Summary

Adam Smith's Chapter 5 establishes the fundamental distinction between real and nominal prices of commodities, arguing that labour is the real measure of value while money serves as a nominal measure. Smith contends that wealth is fundamentally power over the labour of others, and that the real price of any commodity is the toil and trouble required to acquire it. He demonstrates how labour, as the original purchase money, provides the only accurate universal measure of value across time and place, while money prices fluctuate with changes in the value of gold and silver. The chapter examines how market mechanisms adjust prices through negotiation, how different metals function in monetary systems, and why specifying payments in commodities (like corn) rather than money can preserve real value better over time. Smith's analysis reveals the inherent instability of monetary systems and the superiority of labour as the true measure of economic value.

## Entities Extracted

- **Real Price of Commodities**: The intrinsic value measured by labour required to acquire commodities, representing actual toil and trouble.
- **Nominal Price of Commodities**: The price expressed in monetary terms rather than labour, representing conventional market prices.
- **Price in Labour**: Measurement of value by quantity of labour commanded, Smith's formulation of real price.
- **Price in Money**: Measurement of value by quantity of money commanded, conventional market pricing.
- **Toil and Trouble of Acquiring**: Actual effort and difficulty involved in obtaining commodities, fundamental measure of value.
- **Command Over Labour**: Power to direct and employ others' labour, measured by quantity of labour that can be purchased.
- **Exchangeable Value**: Worth of commodities in terms of what they can be exchanged for, determined by labour commanded.
- **Measure of Exchangeable Value**: Standard for comparing relative worth of commodities, Smith argues labour provides this.
- **Real Measure of Value**: Fundamental standard reflecting true worth, identified as labour representing actual effort.
- **Nominal Measure of Value**: Conventional standard expressing prices, typically money, less accurate than labour.
- **Fluctuations in Value of Gold and Silver**: Variations in purchasing power of precious metals over time due to mine productivity and market conditions.
- **Market Price Adjustment**: Process of price determination through market negotiation and bargaining.
- **Higgling and Bargaining of the Market**: Negotiation and price discovery through which market participants adjust prices.
- **Legal Tender**: Legally recognized form of payment creditors must accept to discharge debt.
- **Seignorage**: Difference between money value and cost to produce and distribute it.
- **Mint Price**: Official price at which mint will coin bullion into currency.
- **Market Price of Bullion**: Price at which gold and silver bullion actually trades in market.
- **Standard Weight of Coin**: Officially designated weight and fineness of precious metal coins should contain.
- **Degradation of Coin**: Process by which coins lose value through wear, clipping, or official reduction in precious metal content.
- **Corn Rent**: Rent payment specified in quantity of grain rather than fixed money sum.
- **Money Rent**: Rent payment specified as fixed sum of money rather than in kind.
- **Real Value of Corn Rent**: Actual purchasing power of corn rent in terms of labour or other commodities.
- **Average Price of Corn**: Typical or ordinary price of grain over time, more stable than annual fluctuations.
- **Temporary Price of Corn**: Price of grain in any particular year, can fluctuate significantly from average.
- **Value of Silver**: Purchasing power of silver in terms of labour or commodities commanded.
- **Value of Gold**: Purchasing power of gold in terms of labour or commodities commanded.
- **Proportion Between Metals**: Official or market-determined ratio at which different precious metals exchange.
- **Standard Metal**: Precious metal serving as primary basis for nation's currency and value measurements.
- **Non-Standard Metal**: Precious metals used as money but not primary standard for value measurements.
- **Copper Money**: Lowest denomination of metallic currency, typically used for small transactions.
- **Silver Money**: Primary medium of exchange in most commercial nations, used for accounting and medium-sized transactions.
- **Gold Money**: Highest denomination of metallic currency, used for large transactions and store of value.
- **Regulated Proportion**: Officially established ratio between different precious metals in nation's currency system.
- **Public Law on Coinage**: Official regulations governing production, valuation, and use of money.
- **Market Regulation of Prices**: Natural process by which market forces determine prices through supply and demand.

## VSM Mappings

- **Real Price of Commodities → System 1 (Operations)**: Strong mapping as fundamental measure of value created through productive labour.
- **Nominal Price of Commodities → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as standardised medium for market coordination.
- **Price in Labour → System 1 (Operations)**: Strong mapping as fundamental measure of value from productive effort.
- **Price in Money → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as standardised medium for market coordination.
- **Toil and Trouble of Acquiring → System 1 (Operations)**: Strong mapping as actual effort involved in productive activities.
- **Command Over Labour → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as power to direct productive resources.
- **Exchangeable Value → System 1 (Operations)**: Strong mapping as worth of commodities produced through operational activities.
- **Measure of Exchangeable Value → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as standardisation mechanism for market coordination.
- **Real Measure of Value → System 1 (Operations)**: Strong mapping as fundamental standard based on actual productive effort.
- **Nominal Measure of Value → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as conventional standard facilitating market coordination.
- **Fluctuations in Value of Gold and Silver → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as factor requiring management and control.
- **Market Price Adjustment → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as natural coordination mechanism through market processes.
- **Higgling and Bargaining of the Market → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as negotiation process coordinating economic actors.
- **Legal Tender → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as regulatory control mechanism governing transactions.
- **Seignorage → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as control mechanism affecting monetary system value.
- **Mint Price → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as official control mechanism establishing reference values.
- **Market Price of Bullion → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as natural coordination mechanism in bullion market.
- **Standard Weight of Coin → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as official regulatory standard for monetary operations.
- **Degradation of Coin → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as factor requiring regulatory control and management.
- **Corn Rent → System 1 (Operations)**: Strong mapping as direct form of value tied to actual productive output.
- **Money Rent → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as contractual relationship affected by monetary controls.
- **Real Value of Corn Rent → System 1 (Operations)**: Strong mapping as actual purchasing power from real productive output.
- **Average Price of Corn → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as standardised reference point for market coordination.
- **Temporary Price of Corn → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as market coordination mechanism for supply and demand.
- **Value of Silver → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as factor requiring management within monetary system.
- **Value of Gold → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as factor requiring regulatory control in monetary system.
- **Proportion Between Metals → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as official regulatory control establishing monetary ratios.
- **Standard Metal → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as official regulatory standard for monetary system.
- **Non-Standard Metal → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as form of value coordinating with standard metal in markets.
- **Copper Money → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as form of monetary value coordinating small-scale transactions.
- **Silver Money → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as primary medium coordinating commercial transactions.
- **Gold Money → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as highest denomination coordinating large transactions.
- **Regulated Proportion → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as official regulatory control establishing monetary ratios.
- **Public Law on Coinage → System 3 (Control)**: Strong mapping as official regulatory framework governing monetary operations.
- **Market Regulation of Prices → System 2 (Coordination)**: Strong mapping as natural coordination mechanism through market forces.

## VSM Coverage

This chapter demonstrates comprehensive coverage of the VSM framework, with strong representation across all five core systems:

**System 1 (Operations)**: Heavily represented through concepts like real price, price in labour, toil and trouble of acquiring, exchangeable value, and corn rent. These entities capture the fundamental productive activities and value creation processes that constitute the core operations of economic systems.

**System 2 (Coordination)**: Extensively covered through nominal price, price in money, market price adjustment, higgling and bargaining, average and temporary prices of corn, various forms of money (copper, silver, gold), and market regulation of prices. These entities represent the coordination mechanisms that enable different economic actors to interact effectively.

**System 3 (Control)**: Well-represented through command over labour, legal tender, seignorage, mint price, standard weight of coin, degradation of coin, money rent, value of precious metals, proportion between metals, standard metal, regulated proportion, and public law on coinage. These entities capture the regulatory and control mechanisms that manage the internal stability of the monetary system.

**System 4 (Intelligence/Adaptation)**: Notably absent from this chapter. Smith focuses on the internal mechanics of value and price rather than external environmental scanning or adaptation to changing conditions. There are no entities mapping to System 4's functions of strategic planning, environmental monitoring, or future orientation.

**System 5 (Policy/Identity)**: Not explicitly represented in this chapter. While Smith discusses regulatory frameworks, there are no entities that capture the overarching policy-making function or the identity and purpose of the economic system as a whole.

**System 3* (Audit/Monitoring)**: Not represented in this chapter. There are no entities that capture the audit or monitoring functions that would allow direct verification of operational reality beyond normal reporting channels.

## Gaps & Observations

The most significant gap in this chapter's VSM coverage is the complete absence of System 4 (Intelligence/Adaptation) and System 5 (Policy/Identity) mappings. This reflects Smith's focus in this chapter on the internal mechanics of value determination rather than strategic adaptation or policy-making. The chapter is fundamentally about how value is measured and prices are determined within an existing system, rather than how the system adapts to or is governed by higher-level policy considerations.

System 3* (Audit/Monitoring) is also absent, suggesting that Smith's analysis in this chapter operates at the level of established mechanisms and rules rather than examining how these might be verified or audited.

The strong representation of Systems 1, 2, and 3 indicates that this chapter is primarily concerned with the operational, coordinative, and control aspects of economic systems. The entities that were most straightforward to map were those dealing with price mechanisms and monetary regulation, while the absence of strategic and policy-level entities suggests these were not Smith's focus in this particular discussion.

A notable pattern is the clear distinction Smith draws between real (labour-based) and nominal (money-based) measures, which maps neatly onto the S1/S2 distinction in the VSM. The chapter also demonstrates how control mechanisms (S3) are necessary to manage the inherent instability of monetary systems, particularly through regulation of precious metals and coinage standards.

To enrich coverage in future analysis, subsequent chapters would need to address strategic adaptation to environmental changes (System 4), the overarching policy frameworks and economic identity (System 5), and mechanisms for auditing and verifying economic operations (System 3*). These additions would provide a more complete cybernetic picture of economic systems as viable, adaptive entities.