feat(llm): add LLM integration module with OpenRouter and Claude Code adapters
Implements markitect/llm/ package with concrete LLMAdapter implementations:
- OpenRouterAdapter: HTTP via urllib with retry/backoff on 429/5xx
- ClaudeCodeAdapter: subprocess-based Claude CLI with stdin piping
- Factory pattern: create_adapter("openrouter") or create_adapter("claude-code")
- API key resolution chain: constructor > env var > project-root key file
- 42 unit tests, 2 integration tests (gated on API key / CLI availability)
Also adds the infospace-with-history example with Wealth of Nations VSM
analysis pipeline, templates, schemas, source chapters, and processed
output for chapters 1-2. process_chapters.py now supports --provider
and --model flags for automatic LLM-driven processing.
Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
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---
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id: book-1-chapter-02
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title: "OF THE PRINCIPLE WHICH GIVES OCCASION TO THE DIVISION OF LABOUR."
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book: "1"
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chapter: 2
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artifact_type: content
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---
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CHAPTER II.
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OF THE PRINCIPLE WHICH GIVES OCCASION
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TO THE DIVISION OF LABOUR.
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This division of labour, from which so many advantages are derived, is not
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originally the effect of any human wisdom, which foresees and intends that
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general opulence to which it gives occasion. It is the necessary, though
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very slow and gradual, consequence of a certain propensity in human
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nature, which has in view no such extensive utility; the propensity to
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truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another.
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Whether this propensity be one of those original principles in human
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nature, of which no further account can be given, or whether, as seems
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more probable, it be the necessary consequence of the faculties of reason
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and speech, it belongs not to our present subject to inquire. It is common
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to all men, and to be found in no other race of animals, which seem to
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know neither this nor any other species of contracts. Two greyhounds, in
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running down the same hare, have sometimes the appearance of acting in
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some sort of concert. Each turns her towards his companion, or endeavours
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to intercept her when his companion turns her towards himself. This,
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however, is not the effect of any contract, but of the accidental
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concurrence of their passions in the same object at that particular time.
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Nobody ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for
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another with another dog. Nobody ever saw one animal, by its gestures and
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natural cries signify to another, this is mine, that yours; I am willing
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to give this for that. When an animal wants to obtain something either of
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a man, or of another animal, it has no other means of persuasion, but to
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gain the favour of those whose service it requires. A puppy fawns upon its
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dam, and a spaniel endeavours, by a thousand attractions, to engage the
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attention of its master who is at dinner, when it wants to be fed by him.
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Man sometimes uses the same arts with his brethren, and when he has no
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other means of engaging them to act according to his inclinations,
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endeavours by every servile and fawning attention to obtain their good
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will. He has not time, however, to do this upon every occasion. In
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civilized society he stands at all times in need of the co-operation and
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assistance of great multitudes, while his whole life is scarce sufficient
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to gain the friendship of a few persons. In almost every other race of
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animals, each individual, when it is grown up to maturity, is entirely
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independent, and in its natural state has occasion for the assistance of
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no other living creature. But man has almost constant occasion for the
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help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their
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benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest
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their self-love in his favour, and shew them that it is for their own
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advantage to do for him what he requires of them. Whoever offers to
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another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this. Give me that which I
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want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such
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offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far
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greater part of those good offices which we stand in need of. It is not
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from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we
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expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest. We address
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ourselves, not to their humanity, but to their self-love, and never talk
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to them of our own necessities, but of their advantages. Nobody but a
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beggar chooses to depend chiefly upon the benevolence of his
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fellow-citizens. Even a beggar does not depend upon it entirely. The
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charity of well-disposed people, indeed, supplies him with the whole fund
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of his subsistence. But though this principle ultimately provides him with
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all the necessaries of life which he has occasion for, it neither does nor
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can provide him with them as he has occasion for them. The greater part of
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his occasional wants are supplied in the same manner as those of other
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people, by treaty, by barter, and by purchase. With the money which one
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man gives him he purchases food. The old clothes which another bestows
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upon him he exchanges for other clothes which suit him better, or for
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lodging, or for food, or for money, with which he can buy either food,
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clothes, or lodging, as he has occasion.
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As it is by treaty, by barter, and by purchase, that we obtain from one
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another the greater part of those mutual good offices which we stand in
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need of, so it is this same trucking disposition which originally gives
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occasion to the division of labour. In a tribe of hunters or shepherds, a
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particular person makes bows and arrows, for example, with more readiness
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and dexterity than any other. He frequently exchanges them for cattle or
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for venison, with his companions; and he finds at last that he can, in
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this manner, get more cattle and venison, than if he himself went to the
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field to catch them. From a regard to his own interest, therefore, the
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making of bows and arrows grows to be his chief business, and he becomes a
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sort of armourer. Another excels in making the frames and covers of their
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little huts or moveable houses. He is accustomed to be of use in this way
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to his neighbours, who reward him in the same manner with cattle and with
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venison, till at last he finds it his interest to dedicate himself
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entirely to this employment, and to become a sort of house-carpenter. In
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the same manner a third becomes a smith or a brazier; a fourth, a tanner
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or dresser of hides or skins, the principal part of the clothing of
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savages. And thus the certainty of being able to exchange all that surplus
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part of the produce of his own labour, which is over and above his own
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consumption, for such parts of the produce of other men’s labour as he may
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have occasion for, encourages every man to apply himself to a particular
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occupation, and to cultivate and bring to perfection whatever talent or
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genius he may possess for that particular species of business.
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The difference of natural talents in different men, is, in reality, much
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less than we are aware of; and the very different genius which appears to
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distinguish men of different professions, when grown up to maturity, is
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not upon many occasions so much the cause, as the effect of the division
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of labour. The difference between the most dissimilar characters, between
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a philosopher and a common street porter, for example, seems to arise not
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so much from nature, as from habit, custom, and education. When they came
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in to the world, and for the first six or eight years of their existence,
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they were, perhaps, very much alike, and neither their parents nor
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play-fellows could perceive any remarkable difference. About that age, or
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soon after, they come to be employed in very different occupations. The
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difference of talents comes then to be taken notice of, and widens by
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degrees, till at last the vanity of the philosopher is willing to
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acknowledge scarce any resemblance. But without the disposition to truck,
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barter, and exchange, every man must have procured to himself every
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necessary and conveniency of life which he wanted. All must have had the
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same duties to perform, and the same work to do, and there could have been
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no such difference of employment as could alone give occasion to any great
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difference of talents.
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As it is this disposition which forms that difference of talents, so
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remarkable among men of different professions, so it is this same
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disposition which renders that difference useful. Many tribes of animals,
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acknowledged to be all of the same species, derive from nature a much more
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remarkable distinction of genius, than what, antecedent to custom and
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education, appears to take place among men. By nature a philosopher is not
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in genius and disposition half so different from a street porter, as a
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mastiff is from a grey-hound, or a grey-hound from a spaniel, or this last
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from a shepherd’s dog. Those different tribes of animals, however, though
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all of the same species are of scarce any use to one another. The strength
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of the mastiff is not in the least supported either by the swiftness of
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the greyhound, or by the sagacity of the spaniel, or by the docility of
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the shepherd’s dog. The effects of those different geniuses and talents,
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for want of the power or disposition to barter and exchange, cannot be
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brought into a common stock, and do not in the least contribute to the
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better accommodation and conveniency of the species. Each animal is still
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obliged to support and defend itself, separately and independently, and
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derives no sort of advantage from that variety of talents with which
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nature has distinguished its fellows. Among men, on the contrary, the most
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dissimilar geniuses are of use to one another; the different produces of
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their respective talents, by the general disposition to truck, barter, and
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exchange, being brought, as it were, into a common stock, where every man
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may purchase whatever part of the produce of other men’s talents he has
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occasion for.
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