infospace: process book-1-chapter-10
Extract entities, map to VSM, and synthesize analysis.
This commit is contained in:
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# Chapter VSM Analysis: Wages, Profits, and Economic Viability
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## Chapter Summary
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Smith's analysis of wage and profit differentials across employments reveals the cybernetic mechanisms that maintain economic viability through natural market adjustments. He identifies five factors affecting wages (agreeableness, learning difficulty, employment constancy, trust requirements, and success probability) and two factors affecting profits (agreeableness and risk), demonstrating how these differentials are naturally compensated by corresponding advantages or disadvantages. The chapter's central thesis is that in a free society with perfect liberty, these inequalities would naturally tend toward equality as market forces correct imbalances. However, Smith systematically documents how European policy—through corporation laws, apprenticeship requirements, settlement laws, and public funding of professional education—artificially creates and maintains significant inequalities in economic advantages across different employments. These policy interventions obstruct the free circulation of labour and capital, preventing the natural equilibration that would otherwise occur. The analysis reveals how wage and profit differentials function as information signals in the economic system, coordinating labour allocation and capital investment while policy interventions act as noise that disrupts these vital signals and reduces overall economic viability.
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## Entities Extracted
|
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The chapter identifies numerous economic entities that represent different aspects of the wage and profit system:
|
||||
|
||||
- **wages of labour** - Monetary compensation for workers varying by five principal circumstances
|
||||
- **profits of stock** - Returns to capital affected primarily by agreeableness and risk
|
||||
- **apprenticeships** - Training systems creating barriers to trade entry
|
||||
- **corporation laws** - Legal privileges restricting competition in trades
|
||||
- **settlement laws** - Legal provisions restricting poor person mobility
|
||||
- **certificates** - Documents allowing settlement-free residence between parishes
|
||||
- **public education of professionals** - State-funded training creating oversupply
|
||||
- **speculative trade** - Rapid capital movement based on anticipated opportunities
|
||||
- **natural state of employments** - Free-market conditions without artificial restraints
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||||
- **ordinary state of employments** - Typical market conditions with normal demand
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||||
- **principal employments** - Main occupations providing primary subsistence
|
||||
- **public mourning effects** - Temporary demand increases affecting commodity prices
|
||||
- **piece-work wages** - Output-based compensation systems
|
||||
- **common labour wages** - Standard compensation for basic manual work
|
||||
- **scarcity of hands** - Local labour shortages driving wage increases
|
||||
- **overstocked market conditions** - Labour oversupply forcing wage reductions
|
||||
- **advancing state of manufacture** - Expanding industrial production
|
||||
- **declining manufacture** - Contracting industrial production
|
||||
- **inland trade** - Domestic commercial exchange
|
||||
- **foreign trade** - International commercial exchange
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||||
- **smuggling trade** - Illegal cross-border commerce
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||||
- **common returns of stock** - Average capital profits under normal conditions
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||||
- **extraordinary profits** - Returns significantly exceeding average profits
|
||||
- **public registers of manufactures** - Official records of tradesmen facilitating coordination
|
||||
- **exclusive corporation** - Legally privileged trading organisations
|
||||
- **adulterine guilds** - Unauthorised trade associations
|
||||
- **university of trades** - Medieval term for incorporated trades
|
||||
- **assize of bread** - Price regulation for essential commodities
|
||||
- **retail trade** - Direct consumer sales
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||||
- **wholesale trade** - Bulk commercial exchange
|
||||
- **public lottery** - Government gambling schemes as behavioural analogies
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||||
- **maritime employment** - Work in shipping and naval services
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||||
- **military employment** - Service in armed forces
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||||
- **public executioner** - State official performing capital punishment
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||||
- **poacher** - Illegal hunter or fisher
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||||
- **coal-heaver** - Labourer unloading coal from ships
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- **collier** - Coal miner
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- **butcher trade** - Commercial meat processing and sales
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- **inn or tavern keeper** - Hospitality service provider
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## VSM Mappings
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||||
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||||
The analysis reveals comprehensive coverage across the VSM framework:
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||||
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||||
**System 1 (Operations):**
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- wages of labour → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- profits of stock → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- piece-work wages → S1 Operations (Strong)
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||||
- common labour wages → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- advancing state of manufacture → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- declining manufacture → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- inland trade → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- retail trade → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- wholesale trade → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- maritime employment → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- military employment → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- public executioner → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- poacher → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- coal-heaver → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- collier → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- butcher trade → S1 Operations (Strong)
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- inn or tavern keeper → S1 Operations (Strong)
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**System 2 (Coordination):**
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- wages of labour → S2 Coordination (Strong)
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- apprenticeships → S2 Coordination (Moderate)
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||||
- certificates → S2 Coordination (Strong)
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- scarcity of hands → S2 Coordination (Strong)
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- overstocked market conditions → S2 Coordination (Strong)
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- public registers of manufactures → S2 Coordination (Strong)
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**System 3 (Control):**
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- wages of labour → S3 Control (Strong)
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- profits of stock → S3 Control (Strong)
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- apprenticeships → S3 Control (Strong)
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- corporation laws → S3 Control (Strong)
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||||
- settlement laws → S3 Control (Strong)
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- public education of professionals → S3 Control (Strong)
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- piece-work wages → S3 Control (Strong)
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||||
- assize of bread → S3 Control (Strong)
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- exclusive corporation → S3 Control (Strong)
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- adulterine guilds → S3 Control (Moderate)
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- university of trades → S3 Control (Strong)
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**System 4 (Intelligence):**
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- profits of stock → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
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- speculative trade → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
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||||
- public mourning effects → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
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||||
- foreign trade → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
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- smuggling trade → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
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- common returns of stock → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
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- extraordinary profits → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
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- public lottery → S4 Intelligence (Moderate)
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**System 5 (Policy):**
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- corporation laws → S5 Policy (Strong)
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- natural state of employments → S5 Policy (Strong)
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**System 3* (Audit):**
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- No mappings identified
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## VSM Coverage Assessment
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||||
|
||||
The chapter demonstrates extensive coverage across the VSM framework with strong representation of all primary systems:
|
||||
|
||||
**System 1 (Operations)** receives the most comprehensive coverage, with 17 distinct mappings representing the full spectrum of economic activities from basic labour to complex commercial enterprises. This reflects Smith's focus on how different employments function as the primary productive activities of the economy.
|
||||
|
||||
**System 2 (Coordination)** is well-represented with 7 mappings, covering the coordination mechanisms that balance labour markets, facilitate trade, and resolve conflicts between different economic activities. The coordination of labour allocation through wage differentials is a central theme.
|
||||
|
||||
**System 3 (Control)** receives robust coverage with 12 mappings, reflecting Smith's detailed analysis of how policy interventions, institutional structures, and regulatory mechanisms govern economic operations and create artificial constraints on market functioning.
|
||||
|
||||
**System 4 (Intelligence)** is well-covered with 9 mappings, demonstrating how profit differentials, market opportunities, and risk assessments function as information signals that guide capital allocation and strategic economic decisions.
|
||||
|
||||
**System 5 (Policy)** has 2 mappings, representing the highest-level policy frameworks that govern economic organisation and define the philosophical foundations of economic systems.
|
||||
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**System 3* (Audit)** has no direct mappings, representing a gap in the analysis of how the economic system verifies and monitors its own operations outside normal reporting channels.
|
||||
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## Gaps & Observations
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||||
|
||||
**Uncovered Systems:** System 3* (Audit) lacks representation in this chapter. While Smith discusses various forms of regulation and control, he does not explicitly address the audit and monitoring functions that verify economic information through direct investigation outside normal channels. This gap represents the absence of analysis regarding how the system checks for fraud, verifies weights and measures, or conducts surprise inspections of market practices.
|
||||
|
||||
**Difficult Mappings:** Several entities presented mapping challenges due to their complex nature. The "university of trades" mapping to System 3 Control required interpretation of historical institutional structures. The "public lottery" mapping to System 4 Intelligence involved understanding its role as a behavioural analogy rather than a direct economic activity. The "adulterine guilds" mapping represented the challenge of mapping informal regulatory mechanisms that operate outside formal legal frameworks.
|
||||
|
||||
**Emerging Patterns:** A clear pattern emerges showing Smith's emphasis on how wage and profit differentials function as the primary information signals in the economic system. These differentials coordinate labour allocation, capital investment, and strategic adaptation to environmental conditions. The analysis reveals a strong focus on how policy interventions create noise in these vital signals, disrupting the natural coordination mechanisms that maintain economic viability.
|
||||
|
||||
**Future Enrichment:** To enhance coverage, future analysis could explore:
|
||||
- The audit functions of market regulation (System 3*) through examination of quality control, fraud prevention, and verification mechanisms
|
||||
- The role of emergent coordination mechanisms beyond formal institutions (System 2)
|
||||
- The strategic intelligence functions of economic forecasting and long-term planning (System 4)
|
||||
- The philosophical foundations of economic policy and their relationship to national identity (System 5)
|
||||
- The recursive nature of economic systems at different scales, from individual workshops to national economies
|
||||
|
||||
The chapter's comprehensive mapping to VSM systems demonstrates how Smith's economic analysis aligns with cybernetic principles of viable system organisation, with wage and profit differentials serving as the primary information channels that maintain economic viability through natural market adjustments.
|
||||
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@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
|
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# Chapter VSM Analysis: Wages, Profits, and Economic Viability
|
||||
|
||||
## Chapter Summary
|
||||
|
||||
Smith's analysis of wage and profit differentials across employments reveals the cybernetic mechanisms that maintain economic viability through natural market adjustments. He identifies five factors affecting wages (agreeableness, learning difficulty, employment constancy, trust requirements, and success probability) and two factors affecting profits (agreeableness and risk), demonstrating how these differentials are naturally compensated by corresponding advantages or disadvantages. The chapter's central thesis is that in a free society with perfect liberty, these inequalities would naturally tend toward equality as market forces correct imbalances. However, Smith systematically documents how European policy—through corporation laws, apprenticeship requirements, settlement laws, and public funding of professional education—artificially creates and maintains significant inequalities in economic advantages across different employments. These policy interventions obstruct the free circulation of labour and capital, preventing the natural equilibration that would otherwise occur. The analysis reveals how wage and profit differentials function as information signals in the economic system, coordinating labour allocation and capital investment while policy interventions act as noise that disrupts these vital signals and reduces overall economic viability.
|
||||
|
||||
## Entities Extracted
|
||||
|
||||
The chapter identifies numerous economic entities that represent different aspects of the wage and profit system:
|
||||
|
||||
- **wages of labour** - Monetary compensation for workers varying by five principal circumstances
|
||||
- **profits of stock** - Returns to capital affected primarily by agreeableness and risk
|
||||
- **apprenticeships** - Training systems creating barriers to trade entry
|
||||
- **corporation laws** - Legal privileges restricting competition in trades
|
||||
- **settlement laws** - Legal provisions restricting poor person mobility
|
||||
- **certificates** - Documents allowing settlement-free residence between parishes
|
||||
- **public education of professionals** - State-funded training creating oversupply
|
||||
- **speculative trade** - Rapid capital movement based on anticipated opportunities
|
||||
- **natural state of employments** - Free-market conditions without artificial restraints
|
||||
- **ordinary state of employments** - Typical market conditions with normal demand
|
||||
- **principal employments** - Main occupations providing primary subsistence
|
||||
- **public mourning effects** - Temporary demand increases affecting commodity prices
|
||||
- **piece-work wages** - Output-based compensation systems
|
||||
- **common labour wages** - Standard compensation for basic manual work
|
||||
- **scarcity of hands** - Local labour shortages driving wage increases
|
||||
- **overstocked market conditions** - Labour oversupply forcing wage reductions
|
||||
- **advancing state of manufacture** - Expanding industrial production
|
||||
- **declining manufacture** - Contracting industrial production
|
||||
- **inland trade** - Domestic commercial exchange
|
||||
- **foreign trade** - International commercial exchange
|
||||
- **smuggling trade** - Illegal cross-border commerce
|
||||
- **common returns of stock** - Average capital profits under normal conditions
|
||||
- **extraordinary profits** - Returns significantly exceeding average profits
|
||||
- **public registers of manufactures** - Official records of tradesmen facilitating coordination
|
||||
- **exclusive corporation** - Legally privileged trading organisations
|
||||
- **adulterine guilds** - Unauthorised trade associations
|
||||
- **university of trades** - Medieval term for incorporated trades
|
||||
- **assize of bread** - Price regulation for essential commodities
|
||||
- **retail trade** - Direct consumer sales
|
||||
- **wholesale trade** - Bulk commercial exchange
|
||||
- **public lottery** - Government gambling schemes as behavioural analogies
|
||||
- **maritime employment** - Work in shipping and naval services
|
||||
- **military employment** - Service in armed forces
|
||||
- **public executioner** - State official performing capital punishment
|
||||
- **poacher** - Illegal hunter or fisher
|
||||
- **coal-heaver** - Labourer unloading coal from ships
|
||||
- **collier** - Coal miner
|
||||
- **butcher trade** - Commercial meat processing and sales
|
||||
- **inn or tavern keeper** - Hospitality service provider
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Mappings
|
||||
|
||||
The analysis reveals comprehensive coverage across the VSM framework:
|
||||
|
||||
**System 1 (Operations):**
|
||||
- wages of labour → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- profits of stock → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- piece-work wages → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- common labour wages → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- advancing state of manufacture → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- declining manufacture → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- inland trade → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- retail trade → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- wholesale trade → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- maritime employment → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- military employment → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- public executioner → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- poacher → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- coal-heaver → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- collier → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- butcher trade → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
- inn or tavern keeper → S1 Operations (Strong)
|
||||
|
||||
**System 2 (Coordination):**
|
||||
- wages of labour → S2 Coordination (Strong)
|
||||
- apprenticeships → S2 Coordination (Moderate)
|
||||
- certificates → S2 Coordination (Strong)
|
||||
- scarcity of hands → S2 Coordination (Strong)
|
||||
- overstocked market conditions → S2 Coordination (Strong)
|
||||
- public registers of manufactures → S2 Coordination (Strong)
|
||||
|
||||
**System 3 (Control):**
|
||||
- wages of labour → S3 Control (Strong)
|
||||
- profits of stock → S3 Control (Strong)
|
||||
- apprenticeships → S3 Control (Strong)
|
||||
- corporation laws → S3 Control (Strong)
|
||||
- settlement laws → S3 Control (Strong)
|
||||
- public education of professionals → S3 Control (Strong)
|
||||
- piece-work wages → S3 Control (Strong)
|
||||
- assize of bread → S3 Control (Strong)
|
||||
- exclusive corporation → S3 Control (Strong)
|
||||
- adulterine guilds → S3 Control (Moderate)
|
||||
- university of trades → S3 Control (Strong)
|
||||
|
||||
**System 4 (Intelligence):**
|
||||
- profits of stock → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
|
||||
- speculative trade → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
|
||||
- public mourning effects → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
|
||||
- foreign trade → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
|
||||
- smuggling trade → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
|
||||
- common returns of stock → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
|
||||
- extraordinary profits → S4 Intelligence (Strong)
|
||||
- public lottery → S4 Intelligence (Moderate)
|
||||
|
||||
**System 5 (Policy):**
|
||||
- corporation laws → S5 Policy (Strong)
|
||||
- natural state of employments → S5 Policy (Strong)
|
||||
|
||||
**System 3* (Audit):**
|
||||
- No mappings identified
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Coverage Assessment
|
||||
|
||||
The chapter demonstrates extensive coverage across the VSM framework with strong representation of all primary systems:
|
||||
|
||||
**System 1 (Operations)** receives the most comprehensive coverage, with 17 distinct mappings representing the full spectrum of economic activities from basic labour to complex commercial enterprises. This reflects Smith's focus on how different employments function as the primary productive activities of the economy.
|
||||
|
||||
**System 2 (Coordination)** is well-represented with 7 mappings, covering the coordination mechanisms that balance labour markets, facilitate trade, and resolve conflicts between different economic activities. The coordination of labour allocation through wage differentials is a central theme.
|
||||
|
||||
**System 3 (Control)** receives robust coverage with 12 mappings, reflecting Smith's detailed analysis of how policy interventions, institutional structures, and regulatory mechanisms govern economic operations and create artificial constraints on market functioning.
|
||||
|
||||
**System 4 (Intelligence)** is well-covered with 9 mappings, demonstrating how profit differentials, market opportunities, and risk assessments function as information signals that guide capital allocation and strategic economic decisions.
|
||||
|
||||
**System 5 (Policy)** has 2 mappings, representing the highest-level policy frameworks that govern economic organisation and define the philosophical foundations of economic systems.
|
||||
|
||||
**System 3* (Audit)** has no direct mappings, representing a gap in the analysis of how the economic system verifies and monitors its own operations outside normal reporting channels.
|
||||
|
||||
## Gaps & Observations
|
||||
|
||||
**Uncovered Systems:** System 3* (Audit) lacks representation in this chapter. While Smith discusses various forms of regulation and control, he does not explicitly address the audit and monitoring functions that verify economic information through direct investigation outside normal channels. This gap represents the absence of analysis regarding how the system checks for fraud, verifies weights and measures, or conducts surprise inspections of market practices.
|
||||
|
||||
**Difficult Mappings:** Several entities presented mapping challenges due to their complex nature. The "university of trades" mapping to System 3 Control required interpretation of historical institutional structures. The "public lottery" mapping to System 4 Intelligence involved understanding its role as a behavioural analogy rather than a direct economic activity. The "adulterine guilds" mapping represented the challenge of mapping informal regulatory mechanisms that operate outside formal legal frameworks.
|
||||
|
||||
**Emerging Patterns:** A clear pattern emerges showing Smith's emphasis on how wage and profit differentials function as the primary information signals in the economic system. These differentials coordinate labour allocation, capital investment, and strategic adaptation to environmental conditions. The analysis reveals a strong focus on how policy interventions create noise in these vital signals, disrupting the natural coordination mechanisms that maintain economic viability.
|
||||
|
||||
**Future Enrichment:** To enhance coverage, future analysis could explore:
|
||||
- The audit functions of market regulation (System 3*) through examination of quality control, fraud prevention, and verification mechanisms
|
||||
- The role of emergent coordination mechanisms beyond formal institutions (System 2)
|
||||
- The strategic intelligence functions of economic forecasting and long-term planning (System 4)
|
||||
- The philosophical foundations of economic policy and their relationship to national identity (System 5)
|
||||
- The recursive nature of economic systems at different scales, from individual workshops to national economies
|
||||
|
||||
The chapter's comprehensive mapping to VSM systems demonstrates how Smith's economic analysis aligns with cybernetic principles of viable system organisation, with wage and profit differentials serving as the primary information channels that maintain economic viability through natural market adjustments.
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Adulterine Guilds
|
||||
|
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## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Unauthorised trade associations that attempt to exercise corporate privileges without formal legal incorporation, which Smith notes were sometimes tolerated by medieval kings in exchange for annual fines, representing early forms of rent-seeking behaviour.
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||||
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||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith mentions adulterine guilds as examples of how the crown's prerogative to grant corporate charters was often used to extract revenue rather than protect public liberty. This historical observation supports his broader critique of how institutional arrangements can serve private interests at public expense.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Advancing State of Manufacture
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A condition of industrial development where production is expanding, creating continual demand for new workers and maintaining higher wages due to the growing need for labour in the expanding enterprise.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith contrasts advancing manufactures with declining ones, noting that the former maintain constant demand for labour while the latter experience increasing surplus of workers. This distinction helps explain why wages differ between regions and industries based on their stage of development rather than inherent qualities of the work itself.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Production
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Apprenticeships
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A system where young workers serve a master for a fixed term (historically seven years) to learn a trade, during which the apprentice's labour belongs to the master while the master provides training, maintenance, and sometimes a small wage, creating barriers to entry in certain trades.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith critically examines the institution of apprenticeships as a means by which the policy of Europe creates inequalities in labour markets. He argues that long apprenticeships are unnecessary, often counterproductive, and serve primarily to restrict competition and maintain higher wages for established craftsmen at the expense of both apprentices and the public.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Assize of Bread
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A legal regulation that fixes the price of bread based on the price of wheat, which Smith identifies as one of the few remaining examples of medieval attempts to regulate merchant profits by controlling commodity prices.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith discusses the assize of bread as a remnant of older regulatory practices that attempted to control profits by fixing prices. He argues that where competition exists, it regulates prices more effectively than any legal assize, and that such regulations are generally unnecessary and potentially harmful.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
|
||||
# Entities: book-1-chapter-10
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "wages-of-labour.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "profits-of-stock.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "apprenticeships.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "corporation-laws.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "settlement-laws.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "certificates.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "public-education-of-professionals.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "speculative-trade.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "natural-state-of-employments.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "ordinary-state-of-employments.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "principal-employments.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "public-mourning-effects.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "piece-work-wages.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "common-labour-wages.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "scarcity-of-hands.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "overstocked-market-conditions.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "advancing-state-of-manufacture.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "declining-manufacture.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "inland-trade.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "foreign-trade.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "smuggling-trade.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "common-returns-of-stock.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "extraordinary-profits.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "public-registers-of-manufactures.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "exclusive-corporation.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "adulterine-guilds.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "university-of-trades.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "assize-of-bread.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "retail-trade.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "wholesale-trade.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "public-lottery.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "maritime-employment.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "military-employment.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "public-executioner.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "poacher.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "coal-heaver.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "collier.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "butcher-trade.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
|
||||
{{ include "inn-or-tavern-keeper.md" }}
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
|
||||
--- ENTITY: wages of labour ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Wages of Labour
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The monetary compensation paid to workers for their time and effort, which varies according to five principal circumstances: the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employment itself, the ease or difficulty of learning the trade, the constancy or inconstancy of employment, the degree of trust required in the worker, and the probability or improbability of success in the occupation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
This entity forms the central focus of the chapter's first part, where Smith systematically analyses how wages differ across occupations and the factors that create these inequalities. The analysis begins with the observation that pecuniary wages and profits vary greatly across different employments, then proceeds to examine each of the five circumstances that explain these variations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: profits of stock ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Profits of Stock
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The returns earned by those who employ capital in various trades and employments, which are affected by the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the business and the risk or security with which it is attended, but are less influenced by the difficulty of learning the trade compared to wages of labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
The chapter's second major focus examines how profits differ across employments, noting that while wages vary according to five circumstances, profits are primarily affected by only two: the agreeableness of the business and the risk involved. Smith argues that ordinary rates of profit tend to be more uniform across different employments than wages.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: apprenticeships ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Apprenticeships
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A system where young workers serve a master for a fixed term (historically seven years) to learn a trade, during which the apprentice's labour belongs to the master while the master provides training, maintenance, and sometimes a small wage, creating barriers to entry in certain trades.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith critically examines the institution of apprenticeships as a means by which the policy of Europe creates inequalities in labour markets. He argues that long apprenticeships are unnecessary, often counterproductive, and serve primarily to restrict competition and maintain higher wages for established craftsmen at the expense of both apprentices and the public.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: corporation laws ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Corporation Laws
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Legal privileges granted to incorporated trades and professions that restrict competition by limiting who may practice the trade, often requiring apprenticeship terms, membership fees, or other barriers to entry, thereby enabling members to charge higher prices than would prevail under free competition.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith identifies corporation laws as the principal mechanism by which European policy creates significant inequalities in economic advantages across different employments. He argues these laws restrain competition in some trades while increasing it in others, and obstruct the free circulation of labour and stock, ultimately harming both workers and consumers.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: settlement laws ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Settlement Laws
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Legal provisions that restrict the movement of poor persons by requiring them to obtain official settlement in a parish before residing there, creating significant barriers to labour mobility and preventing workers from moving to areas where their skills might be most valued.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith presents settlement laws as a particularly harmful form of labour market regulation unique to England, which obstructs the free circulation of labour from place to place. He argues these laws prevent the natural adjustment of wages across regions and force workers to remain in parishes where their labour is less valuable.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: certificates ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Certificates
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Official documents issued by one parish that certify a person's legal settlement there, allowing them to reside in another parish without gaining settlement rights there, serving as a partial remedy to the settlement laws' restrictions on labour mobility.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith discusses certificates as an administrative mechanism developed to partially restore the free circulation of labour that settlement laws had obstructed. While certificates allow poor persons to move between parishes without automatically gaining settlement rights, Smith notes they are often difficult to obtain and create their own forms of administrative control.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: public education of professionals ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Education of Professionals
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The practice of funding the education of clergy, lawyers, physicians, and other professionals through public or charitable means, which creates an oversupply of practitioners and drives down their earnings below what would prevail if education were funded privately.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith identifies publicly funded professional education as a policy that creates inequalities by flooding certain professions with candidates willing to work for lower compensation. He argues this practice degrades the quality and remuneration of respected professions like law and medicine, while creating a class of "men of letters" who must write for subsistence.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: speculative trade ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Speculative Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A form of commerce where merchants rapidly shift between different commodities and markets based on anticipated profit opportunities, rather than maintaining regular, established business operations in specific trades, characterized by irregular and unpredictable returns.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith contrasts speculative trade with regular established business, noting that while it can produce sudden fortunes through successful speculation, it is equally likely to produce losses. He observes that this form of trade can only be carried on in places with extensive commerce and correspondence where intelligence about market conditions is readily available.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: natural state of employments ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Natural State of Employments
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The condition of economic activities when they are left to follow their natural course without artificial restraints or encouragements, where wages and profits adjust freely according to supply and demand, allowing inequalities to be compensated by corresponding advantages or disadvantages.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith establishes the concept of the "natural state" as a baseline for analysing how European policy creates artificial inequalities in wages and profits. He argues that in a perfectly free society with perfect liberty, all employments would tend toward equality in their overall advantages and disadvantages, with temporary imbalances quickly corrected by market forces.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
General Theory
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: ordinary state of employments ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Ordinary State of Employments
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The typical or usual condition of economic activities when demand for labour fluctuates around normal levels, as opposed to periods of extraordinary demand or declining industries, representing the baseline against which exceptional wage variations are measured.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith distinguishes between the ordinary or natural state of employments and periods when demand for specific types of labour rises above or falls below usual levels. He uses this distinction to explain how temporary variations in demand affect wages differently across occupations, with some trades maintaining more constant employment than others.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
General Theory
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: principal employments ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Principal Employments
|
||||
|
||||
# Principal Employments
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The main or primary occupation through which individuals derive their subsistence, as opposed to secondary or occasional work undertaken during leisure time, which affects how wages are determined and how workers value their time.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith argues that equality in the advantages and disadvantages of different employments can only occur when those employments are the principal means of subsistence for the workers. When people engage in a trade only occasionally while maintaining other primary occupations, they may accept lower wages, disrupting the natural equilibrium of compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: public mourning effects ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Mourning Effects
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The temporary increase in demand for black cloth and related mourning goods that raises their market price above the natural price, creating higher profits for dealers in these commodities during periods of national bereavement.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses public mourning as an example of how extraordinary demand can temporarily raise the price of specific commodities above their natural price, affecting the profits of those engaged in producing or selling these goods. This illustrates his broader point about how variations in demand create temporary inequalities in profits across different employments.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: piece-work wages ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Piece-Work Wages
|
||||
|
||||
# Piece-Work Wages
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A system of compensation where workers are paid according to the quantity of output they produce rather than receiving a fixed daily or weekly wage, creating a direct incentive for increased productivity and diligence.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith identifies piece-work as a wage system that encourages industriousness because workers benefit directly from their efforts. He contrasts this with the apprenticeship system where young workers have no immediate interest in being productive, arguing that direct financial incentives better promote the development of good work habits.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: common labour wages ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Common Labour Wages
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The standard compensation paid to unskilled or semi-skilled workers performing basic manual tasks, which serves as a benchmark against which wages in other occupations are compared and often adjusted.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith frequently references common labour wages as a baseline for comparing compensation across different employments. He notes that wages in skilled trades and manufacturing often differ only slightly from common labour wages, with the difference generally sufficient only to compensate for the expense of education and training.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: scarcity of hands ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Scarcity of Hands
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A condition in specific localities where the supply of available workers falls short of demand, causing wages to rise above their normal level as employers compete for limited labour resources.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith explains that scarcity of hands in one parish cannot be relieved by the superabundance of workers in another when settlement laws obstruct labour mobility. This creates artificial wage disparities between regions that would not exist under free movement of labour, demonstrating how policy can prevent natural market adjustments.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: overstocked market conditions ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Overstocked Market Conditions
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A situation where the supply of workers in a particular trade exceeds the demand for their services, forcing wages down below what would be necessary to attract new entrants and causing existing practitioners to accept lower compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith identifies overstocked markets as a consequence of publicly funded professional education and other policies that encourage excessive entry into certain professions. He argues this condition degrades the quality and remuneration of respected professions while creating a class of underemployed intellectuals.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: advancing state of manufacture ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Advancing State of Manufacture
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A condition of industrial development where production is expanding, creating continual demand for new workers and maintaining higher wages due to the growing need for labour in the expanding enterprise.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith contrasts advancing manufactures with declining ones, noting that the former maintain constant demand for labour while the latter experience increasing surplus of workers. This distinction helps explain why wages differ between regions and industries based on their stage of development rather than inherent qualities of the work itself.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Production
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: declining manufacture ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Declining Manufacture
|
||||
|
||||
# Declining Manufacture
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A condition of industrial contraction where production is decreasing, leading to surplus labour supply as workers cannot easily transition to other employments due to legal and institutional barriers, forcing wages down below sustainable levels.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith identifies declining manufactures as creating severe labour market distortions when workers cannot easily move to growing industries. He argues that institutional barriers like apprenticeship requirements prevent the natural reallocation of labour from shrinking to expanding sectors, causing unnecessary hardship for displaced workers.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Production
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: inland trade ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Inland Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Commercial exchange that occurs within the boundaries of a single country, as distinguished from foreign trade, which Smith notes is generally less uncertain in its returns and therefore typically offers lower profit rates than foreign commerce.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith observes that profits of stock vary with the certainty or uncertainty of returns, noting that inland trade is generally less risky than foreign trade. This observation contributes to his broader analysis of how different employments of capital offer varying risk-adjusted returns, though he argues these differences are less pronounced than wage differentials.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: foreign trade ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Foreign Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Commercial exchange between different countries, which Smith identifies as generally more uncertain in its returns than inland trade, though the degree of uncertainty varies among different branches of foreign commerce.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith notes that foreign trade, particularly certain branches like trade to North America, offers higher potential profits than inland trade due to greater uncertainty of returns. This observation about risk and reward in different types of commerce forms part of his analysis of profit differentials across employments of stock.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: smuggling trade ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Smuggling Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The illegal transportation of goods across borders to avoid customs duties and trade restrictions, which Smith identifies as the most hazardous of all trades but also potentially the most profitable when successful.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses smuggling as an extreme example of how risk affects profits, noting that while it offers the highest potential returns, it also carries the greatest risk of bankruptcy. He argues that competition among smugglers eventually reduces profits to levels that only barely compensate for the risk involved.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: common returns of stock ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Common Returns of Stock
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The typical or average profits earned by capital employed in various trades under normal market conditions, which Smith argues should be sufficient to compensate for occasional losses and provide a surplus profit comparable to insurance returns if risk were fully compensated.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses the concept of common returns to analyse whether different employments of stock offer adequate compensation for their risks. He argues that if hazardous trades like smuggling offered full compensation for risk, bankruptcies would not be more frequent in these trades than in safer enterprises, suggesting that risk is systematically underpriced.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: extraordinary profits ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Extraordinary Profits
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Returns on capital that significantly exceed the common or average profits in a particular trade or location, typically occurring when new enterprises are established or when demand conditions temporarily favour certain commodities.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith notes that extraordinary profits often occur when new manufactures are established or when particular trades experience unusual demand. However, he argues that competition eventually reduces these exceptional returns to the common level, demonstrating the equilibrating tendency of free markets.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: public registers of manufactures ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Registers of Manufactures
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Official records maintained in towns that list the names and locations of tradesmen practicing specific occupations, which Smith argues facilitates the formation of trade combinations and price-fixing agreements by making it easier for competitors to communicate and coordinate.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith identifies public registers as a policy that inadvertently facilitates anti-competitive behaviour by making it easier for tradesmen to assemble and conspire against the public interest. He argues that while such meetings cannot be entirely prevented, the law should not facilitate them through administrative mechanisms.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: exclusive corporation ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Exclusive Corporation
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A legally privileged trading organisation that restricts membership and limits competition within its trade, enabling members to maintain higher prices and profits than would prevail under free market conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith criticises exclusive corporations as mechanisms that weaken the natural discipline of the market by protecting members from competition. He argues that when workers must be employed regardless of performance, quality deteriorates and consumers suffer, while the public interest is sacrificed to private gain.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: adulterine guilds ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Adulterine Guilds
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Unauthorised trade associations that attempt to exercise corporate privileges without formal legal incorporation, which Smith notes were sometimes tolerated by medieval kings in exchange for annual fines, representing early forms of rent-seeking behaviour.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith mentions adulterine guilds as examples of how the crown's prerogative to grant corporate charters was often used to extract revenue rather than protect public liberty. This historical observation supports his broader critique of how institutional arrangements can serve private interests at public expense.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: university of trades ---
|
||||
|
||||
# University of Trades
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The medieval term for incorporated trades and crafts, which Smith notes was the proper Latin name for any incorporation, drawing a parallel between the seven-year terms for apprenticeships and the seven-year terms for obtaining academic degrees.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses the historical terminology of "universities" for trades to illustrate the common origin of both craft guilds and academic institutions in medieval incorporation practices. This etymological observation supports his argument that long apprenticeship requirements have no rational basis in the nature of the work itself.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: assize of bread ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Assize of Bread
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A legal regulation that fixes the price of bread based on the price of wheat, which Smith identifies as one of the few remaining examples of medieval attempts to regulate merchant profits by controlling commodity prices.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith discusses the assize of bread as a remnant of older regulatory practices that attempted to control profits by fixing prices. He argues that where competition exists, it regulates prices more effectively than any legal assize, and that such regulations are generally unnecessary and potentially harmful.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: retail trade ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Retail Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The sale of goods in small quantities directly to consumers, which Smith notes typically offers higher apparent profits than wholesale trade due to the additional labour and skill required, though much of this apparent profit represents disguised wages.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith analyses retail trade to demonstrate how apparent profit differentials often reflect differences in labour rather than capital returns. He argues that the higher apparent profits of retail merchants largely compensate for the additional skill, effort, and risk involved in direct consumer transactions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: wholesale trade ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Wholesale Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The sale of goods in large quantities to retailers or other businesses rather than directly to consumers, which Smith notes typically offers lower apparent profits than retail trade but represents more purely the returns to capital investment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith contrasts wholesale with retail trade to illustrate how profit differentials across employments often reflect differences in the nature of the work rather than pure returns to capital. He argues that wholesale merchants earn more modest but more genuine profits on their stock investments.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: public lottery ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Lottery
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A government-sponsored gambling scheme where participants purchase tickets for chances to win prizes, which Smith uses as an analogy to illustrate how people systematically overvalue potential gains while undervaluing probable losses.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith employs the public lottery as a metaphor for certain professions where a few individuals achieve great success while most fail completely. He argues that just as lottery players overvalue their chances of winning, people entering professions like law or the arts often overestimate their probability of success.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
General Theory
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: maritime employment ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Maritime Employment
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Work in the shipping and naval services, which Smith analyses as offering better prospects for advancement and fortune than military service, though still involving significant risks and hardships that are compensated through wages and the hope of prize money.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith compares maritime with military employment to illustrate how different occupations offer varying combinations of risk, reward, and advancement opportunities. He notes that while sailors earn wages comparable to common labourers, the possibility of prize money and advancement makes the trade attractive despite its hardships.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: military employment ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Military Employment
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Service in the armed forces, which Smith analyses as offering poor compensation relative to the risks involved, with limited prospects for advancement and wages that fall below those of common labourers, sustained only by romantic notions of honour and distinction.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses military service as an example of an occupation where the actual compensation falls far below what would be necessary to attract volunteers if people calculated risks and rewards rationally. He argues that romantic notions of honour sustain recruitment despite poor material conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: public executioner ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Executioner
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Executioner
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The state official responsible for carrying out capital punishment, which Smith identifies as the most detestable of all employments yet paradoxically better paid than most common trades relative to the amount of work performed.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses the public executioner as an extreme example of how disagreeable employment commands premium compensation. This illustrates his broader principle that wages vary not only with the skill required but also with the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the work itself.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: poacher ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Poacher
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
An individual who illegally hunts or fishes on private property, which Smith identifies as typically being very poor even in countries where poaching is severely punished, illustrating how natural enjoyment of certain activities can drive down compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses the example of poachers to demonstrate how natural human inclinations toward certain activities can create oversupply of labour in those occupations, driving wages down to subsistence levels. This illustrates his principle that agreeable employments tend to be poorly compensated.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: coal-heaver ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Coal-Heaver
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A labourer who unloads coal from ships, which Smith identifies as performing work that is extremely arduous, dirty, and subject to irregular employment, commanding wages that are four to five times higher than common labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses coal-heavers to illustrate how the combination of disagreeable work, physical hardship, and irregular employment can drive wages far above the common level. This example demonstrates how multiple factors can combine to create significant wage differentials.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: collier ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Collier
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A coal miner, which Smith identifies as performing extremely dangerous and dirty work that commands wages double or triple those of common labour, illustrating how hazardous and disagreeable employment commands premium compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses coal miners to demonstrate how the disagreeable and dangerous nature of certain employments commands higher wages. He notes that while the work can be constant if desired, the inherent hardships justify the substantial wage premium over common labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: butcher trade ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Butcher Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The commercial activity of slaughtering and selling meat, which Smith identifies as a brutal and odious business that nonetheless offers higher profits than most common trades due to its disagreeable nature.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses the butcher trade as an example of how disagreeable employment affects profits of stock as well as wages of labour. This illustrates his principle that the unattractiveness of certain businesses to potential entrants allows those who do engage in them to earn above-normal returns.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
--- ENTITY: inn or tavern keeper ---
|
||||
|
||||
# Inn or Tavern Keeper
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
An individual who operates a lodging and drinking establishment, which Smith identifies as a business that is neither agreeable nor creditable due to the lack of household autonomy and exposure to difficult customers, yet can yield substantial profits relative to the capital required.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses inn and tavern keeping to illustrate how disagreeable business conditions can lead to higher profits. Despite the personal drawbacks of the trade, the potential for significant returns attracts entrepreneurs willing to accept these disadvantages.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Butcher Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The commercial activity of slaughtering and selling meat, which Smith identifies as a brutal and odious business that nonetheless offers higher profits than most common trades due to its disagreeable nature.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses the butcher trade as an example of how disagreeable employment affects profits of stock as well as wages of labour. This illustrates his principle that the unattractiveness of certain businesses to potential entrants allows those who do engage in them to earn above-normal returns.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Certificates
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Official documents issued by one parish that certify a person's legal settlement there, allowing them to reside in another parish without gaining settlement rights there, serving as a partial remedy to the settlement laws' restrictions on labour mobility.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith discusses certificates as an administrative mechanism developed to partially restore the free circulation of labour that settlement laws had obstructed. While certificates allow poor persons to move between parishes without automatically gaining settlement rights, Smith notes they are often difficult to obtain and create their own forms of administrative control.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Coal-Heaver
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A labourer who unloads coal from ships, which Smith identifies as performing work that is extremely arduous, dirty, and subject to irregular employment, commanding wages that are four to five times higher than common labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses coal-heavers to illustrate how the combination of disagreeable work, physical hardship, and irregular employment can drive wages far above the common level. This example demonstrates how multiple factors can combine to create significant wage differentials.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
21
examples/infospace-with-history/output/entities/collier.md
Normal file
21
examples/infospace-with-history/output/entities/collier.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Collier
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A coal miner, which Smith identifies as performing extremely dangerous and dirty work that commands wages double or triple those of common labour, illustrating how hazardous and disagreeable employment commands premium compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses coal miners to demonstrate how the disagreeable and dangerous nature of certain employments commands higher wages. He notes that while the work can be constant if desired, the inherent hardships justify the substantial wage premium over common labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Common Labour Wages
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The standard compensation paid to unskilled or semi-skilled workers performing basic manual tasks, which serves as a benchmark against which wages in other occupations are compared and often adjusted.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith frequently references common labour wages as a baseline for comparing compensation across different employments. He notes that wages in skilled trades and manufacturing often differ only slightly from common labour wages, with the difference generally sufficient only to compensate for the expense of education and training.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Common Returns of Stock
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The typical or average profits earned by capital employed in various trades under normal market conditions, which Smith argues should be sufficient to compensate for occasional losses and provide a surplus profit comparable to insurance returns if risk were fully compensated.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses the concept of common returns to analyse whether different employments of stock offer adequate compensation for their risks. He argues that if hazardous trades like smuggling offered full compensation for risk, bankruptcies would not be more frequent in these trades than in safer enterprises, suggesting that risk is systematically underpriced.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Corporation Laws
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Legal privileges granted to incorporated trades and professions that restrict competition by limiting who may practice the trade, often requiring apprenticeship terms, membership fees, or other barriers to entry, thereby enabling members to charge higher prices than would prevail under free competition.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith identifies corporation laws as the principal mechanism by which European policy creates significant inequalities in economic advantages across different employments. He argues these laws restrain competition in some trades while increasing it in others, and obstruct the free circulation of labour and stock, ultimately harming both workers and consumers.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Declining Manufacture
|
||||
|
||||
# Declining Manufacture
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A condition of industrial contraction where production is decreasing, leading to surplus labour supply as workers cannot easily transition to other employments due to legal and institutional barriers, forcing wages down below sustainable levels.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith identifies declining manufactures as creating severe labour market distortions when workers cannot easily move to growing industries. He argues that institutional barriers like apprenticeship requirements prevent the natural reallocation of labour from shrinking to expanding sectors, causing unnecessary hardship for displaced workers.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Production
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Exclusive Corporation
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A legally privileged trading organisation that restricts membership and limits competition within its trade, enabling members to maintain higher prices and profits than would prevail under free market conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith criticises exclusive corporations as mechanisms that weaken the natural discipline of the market by protecting members from competition. He argues that when workers must be employed regardless of performance, quality deteriorates and consumers suffer, while the public interest is sacrificed to private gain.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Extraordinary Profits
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Returns on capital that significantly exceed the common or average profits in a particular trade or location, typically occurring when new enterprises are established or when demand conditions temporarily favour certain commodities.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith notes that extraordinary profits often occur when new manufactures are established or when particular trades experience unusual demand. However, he argues that competition eventually reduces these exceptional returns to the common level, demonstrating the equilibrating tendency of free markets.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Foreign Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Commercial exchange between different countries, which Smith identifies as generally more uncertain in its returns than inland trade, though the degree of uncertainty varies among different branches of foreign commerce.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith notes that foreign trade, particularly certain branches like trade to North America, offers higher potential profits than inland trade due to greater uncertainty of returns. This observation about risk and reward in different types of commerce forms part of his analysis of profit differentials across employments of stock.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Inland Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Commercial exchange that occurs within the boundaries of a single country, as distinguished from foreign trade, which Smith notes is generally less uncertain in its returns and therefore typically offers lower profit rates than foreign commerce.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith observes that profits of stock vary with the certainty or uncertainty of returns, noting that inland trade is generally less risky than foreign trade. This observation contributes to his broader analysis of how different employments of capital offer varying risk-adjusted returns, though he argues these differences are less pronounced than wage differentials.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Inn or Tavern Keeper
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
An individual who operates a lodging and drinking establishment, which Smith identifies as a business that is neither agreeable nor creditable due to the lack of household autonomy and exposure to difficult customers, yet can yield substantial profits relative to the capital required.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses inn and tavern keeping to illustrate how disagreeable business conditions can lead to higher profits. Despite the personal drawbacks of the trade, the potential for significant returns attracts entrepreneurs willing to accept these disadvantages.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Maritime Employment
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Work in the shipping and naval services, which Smith analyses as offering better prospects for advancement and fortune than military service, though still involving significant risks and hardships that are compensated through wages and the hope of prize money.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith compares maritime with military employment to illustrate how different occupations offer varying combinations of risk, reward, and advancement opportunities. He notes that while sailors earn wages comparable to common labourers, the possibility of prize money and advancement makes the trade attractive despite its hardships.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Military Employment
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Service in the armed forces, which Smith analyses as offering poor compensation relative to the risks involved, with limited prospects for advancement and wages that fall below those of common labourers, sustained only by romantic notions of honour and distinction.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses military service as an example of an occupation where the actual compensation falls far below what would be necessary to attract volunteers if people calculated risks and rewards rationally. He argues that romantic notions of honour sustain recruitment despite poor material conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Natural State of Employments
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The condition of economic activities when they are left to follow their natural course without artificial restraints or encouragements, where wages and profits adjust freely according to supply and demand, allowing inequalities to be compensated by corresponding advantages or disadvantages.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith establishes the concept of the "natural state" as a baseline for analysing how European policy creates artificial inequalities in wages and profits. He argues that in a perfectly free society with perfect liberty, all employments would tend toward equality in their overall advantages and disadvantages, with temporary imbalances quickly corrected by market forces.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
General Theory
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Ordinary State of Employments
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The typical or usual condition of economic activities when demand for labour fluctuates around normal levels, as opposed to periods of extraordinary demand or declining industries, representing the baseline against which exceptional wage variations are measured.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith distinguishes between the ordinary or natural state of employments and periods when demand for specific types of labour rises above or falls below usual levels. He uses this distinction to explain how temporary variations in demand affect wages differently across occupations, with some trades maintaining more constant employment than others.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
General Theory
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
21
examples/infospace-with-history/output/entities/poacher.md
Normal file
21
examples/infospace-with-history/output/entities/poacher.md
Normal file
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Poacher
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
An individual who illegally hunts or fishes on private property, which Smith identifies as typically being very poor even in countries where poaching is severely punished, illustrating how natural enjoyment of certain activities can drive down compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses the example of poachers to demonstrate how natural human inclinations toward certain activities can create oversupply of labour in those occupations, driving wages down to subsistence levels. This illustrates his principle that agreeable employments tend to be poorly compensated.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Principal Employments
|
||||
|
||||
# Principal Employments
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The main or primary occupation through which individuals derive their subsistence, as opposed to secondary or occasional work undertaken during leisure time, which affects how wages are determined and how workers value their time.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith argues that equality in the advantages and disadvantages of different employments can only occur when those employments are the principal means of subsistence for the workers. When people engage in a trade only occasionally while maintaining other primary occupations, they may accept lower wages, disrupting the natural equilibrium of compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Education of Professionals
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The practice of funding the education of clergy, lawyers, physicians, and other professionals through public or charitable means, which creates an oversupply of practitioners and drives down their earnings below what would prevail if education were funded privately.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith identifies publicly funded professional education as a policy that creates inequalities by flooding certain professions with candidates willing to work for lower compensation. He argues this practice degrades the quality and remuneration of respected professions like law and medicine, while creating a class of "men of letters" who must write for subsistence.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Executioner
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Executioner
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The state official responsible for carrying out capital punishment, which Smith identifies as the most detestable of all employments yet paradoxically better paid than most common trades relative to the amount of work performed.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses the public executioner as an extreme example of how disagreeable employment commands premium compensation. This illustrates his broader principle that wages vary not only with the skill required but also with the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the work itself.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Lottery
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A government-sponsored gambling scheme where participants purchase tickets for chances to win prizes, which Smith uses as an analogy to illustrate how people systematically overvalue potential gains while undervaluing probable losses.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith employs the public lottery as a metaphor for certain professions where a few individuals achieve great success while most fail completely. He argues that just as lottery players overvalue their chances of winning, people entering professions like law or the arts often overestimate their probability of success.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
General Theory
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Public Mourning Effects
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The temporary increase in demand for black cloth and related mourning goods that raises their market price above the natural price, creating higher profits for dealers in these commodities during periods of national bereavement.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses public mourning as an example of how extraordinary demand can temporarily raise the price of specific commodities above their natural price, affecting the profits of those engaged in producing or selling these goods. This illustrates his broader point about how variations in demand create temporary inequalities in profits across different employments.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Retail Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The sale of goods in small quantities directly to consumers, which Smith notes typically offers higher apparent profits than wholesale trade due to the additional labour and skill required, though much of this apparent profit represents disguised wages.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith analyses retail trade to demonstrate how apparent profit differentials often reflect differences in labour rather than capital returns. He argues that the higher apparent profits of retail merchants largely compensate for the additional skill, effort, and risk involved in direct consumer transactions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Scarcity of Hands
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A condition in specific localities where the supply of available workers falls short of demand, causing wages to rise above their normal level as employers compete for limited labour resources.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith explains that scarcity of hands in one parish cannot be relieved by the superabundance of workers in another when settlement laws obstruct labour mobility. This creates artificial wage disparities between regions that would not exist under free movement of labour, demonstrating how policy can prevent natural market adjustments.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Distribution
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Settlement Laws
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
Legal provisions that restrict the movement of poor persons by requiring them to obtain official settlement in a parish before residing there, creating significant barriers to labour mobility and preventing workers from moving to areas where their skills might be most valued.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith presents settlement laws as a particularly harmful form of labour market regulation unique to England, which obstructs the free circulation of labour from place to place. He argues these laws prevent the natural adjustment of wages across regions and force workers to remain in parishes where their labour is less valuable.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Smuggling Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The illegal transportation of goods across borders to avoid customs duties and trade restrictions, which Smith identifies as the most hazardous of all trades but also potentially the most profitable when successful.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses smuggling as an extreme example of how risk affects profits, noting that while it offers the highest potential returns, it also carries the greatest risk of bankruptcy. He argues that competition among smugglers eventually reduces profits to levels that only barely compensate for the risk involved.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Speculative Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
A form of commerce where merchants rapidly shift between different commodities and markets based on anticipated profit opportunities, rather than maintaining regular, established business operations in specific trades, characterized by irregular and unpredictable returns.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith contrasts speculative trade with regular established business, noting that while it can produce sudden fortunes through successful speculation, it is equally likely to produce losses. He observes that this form of trade can only be carried on in places with extensive commerce and correspondence where intelligence about market conditions is readily available.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# University of Trades
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The medieval term for incorporated trades and crafts, which Smith notes was the proper Latin name for any incorporation, drawing a parallel between the seven-year terms for apprenticeships and the seven-year terms for obtaining academic degrees.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith uses the historical terminology of "universities" for trades to illustrate the common origin of both craft guilds and academic institutions in medieval incorporation practices. This etymological observation supports his argument that long apprenticeship requirements have no rational basis in the nature of the work itself.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Regulation
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
|
||||
<!-- generated: provider=openrouter model=arcee-ai/trinity-large-preview:free date=2026-02-19 source=book-1-chapter-10 -->
|
||||
|
||||
# Wholesale Trade
|
||||
|
||||
## Definition
|
||||
|
||||
The sale of goods in large quantities to retailers or other businesses rather than directly to consumers, which Smith notes typically offers lower apparent profits than retail trade but represents more purely the returns to capital investment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Source Chapter
|
||||
|
||||
Book I, Chapter 10
|
||||
|
||||
## Context
|
||||
|
||||
Smith contrasts wholesale with retail trade to illustrate how profit differentials across employments often reflect differences in the nature of the work rather than pure returns to capital. He argues that wholesale merchants earn more modest but more genuine profits on their stock investments.
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Domain
|
||||
|
||||
Exchange
|
||||
|
||||
---
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,899 @@
|
||||
--- MAPPING: wages of labour-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# wages of labour -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The monetary compensation paid to workers for their time and effort, which varies according to five principal circumstances: the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employment itself, the ease or difficulty of learning the trade, the constancy or inconstancy of employment, the degree of trust required in the worker, and the probability or improbability of success in the occupation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the operational units that directly create value through concrete work and production activities. Each operational element is itself a viable system with autonomy within constraints.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Wages of labour directly represent the compensation for operational work performed by System 1 units. The labour itself is the primary productive activity that creates economic value, making wages the direct price of System 1 operations. Smith's analysis of wage differentials across employments reflects how different operational activities command different compensation based on their characteristics.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: wages of labour-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# wages of labour -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The monetary compensation paid to workers for their time and effort, which varies according to five principal circumstances: the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employment itself, the ease or difficulty of learning the trade, the constancy or inconstancy of employment, the degree of trust required in the worker, and the probability or improbability of success in the occupation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides the information channels and bodies that allow primary activities to communicate with each other and coordinate. It dampens oscillations and resolves conflicts between operational units through standardisation and scheduling mechanisms.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Wage rates function as coordination signals that balance labour supply and demand across different employments. They resolve conflicts between workers competing for positions and employers competing for labour by providing a common metric for valuing different types of work. The five circumstances Smith identifies that affect wages represent the coordination parameters that balance labour markets.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: wages of labour-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# wages of labour -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The monetary compensation paid to workers for their time and effort, which varies according to five principal circumstances: the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employment itself, the ease or difficulty of learning the trade, the constancy or inconstancy of employment, the degree of trust required in the worker, and the probability or improbability of success in the occupation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the rules, resources, rights, and responsibilities of System 1 operations and provides an interface between operational units and higher management. It represents day-to-day control that optimises the internal environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Wages represent the primary mechanism through which economic control is exercised over labour. They establish the resource allocation rules for human capital and create the framework within which workers operate. Wage policies and labour regulations fall under System 3's domain of internal economic governance.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: profits of stock-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# profits of stock -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The returns earned by those who employ capital in various trades and employments, which are affected by the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the business and the risk or security with which it is attended, but are less influenced by the difficulty of learning the trade compared to wages of labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the operational units that directly create value through concrete work and production activities, including the deployment of capital in productive enterprises.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Profits of stock represent the returns to capital deployed in operational activities that directly produce economic value. The employment of stock in various trades constitutes the operational work of System 1 units at the capital deployment level, making profits the direct measure of success for these operational activities.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: profits of stock-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# profits of stock -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The returns earned by those who employ capital in various trades and employments, which are affected by the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the business and the risk or security with which it is attended, but are less influenced by the difficulty of learning the trade compared to wages of labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures all relevant information about the outside-and-then environment and is responsible for strategic responses. It looks outward to monitor how the organisation needs to adapt to remain viable.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Profits serve as intelligence signals about the viability of different capital employments in the external environment. They indicate which trades and markets offer favourable conditions for investment and which do not, providing the information necessary for strategic capital allocation decisions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: apprenticeships-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# apprenticeships -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A system where young workers serve a master for a fixed term (historically seven years) to learn a trade, during which the apprentice's labour belongs to the master while the master provides training, maintenance, and sometimes a small wage, creating barriers to entry in certain trades.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the rules, resources, rights, and responsibilities of System 1 operations. It represents the regulatory framework that governs how operational units function and interact.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Apprenticeships represent a regulatory mechanism that controls entry into trades and governs the relationship between masters and apprentices. They establish the rules for skill transmission and create institutional barriers that affect the internal structure of economic operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: apprenticeships-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# apprenticeships -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A system where young workers serve a master for a fixed term (historically seven years) to learn a trade, during which the apprentice's labour belongs to the master while the master provides training, maintenance, and sometimes a small wage, creating barriers to entry in certain trades.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that allow operational units to communicate and resolve conflicts. It standardises practices and creates the information channels necessary for smooth operation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Apprenticeship systems coordinate the transmission of skills across generations and establish standardised training periods that affect labour market dynamics. They create coordination mechanisms for skill development that influence how different trades maintain their workforce.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Moderate
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: corporation laws-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# corporation laws -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Legal privileges granted to incorporated trades and professions that restrict competition by limiting who may practice the trade, often requiring apprenticeship terms, membership fees, or other barriers to entry, thereby enabling members to charge higher prices than would prevail under free competition.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the rules and constraints within which System 1 units operate.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Corporation laws represent direct regulatory control over economic activities, establishing who can participate in which trades and under what conditions. They create the institutional framework that governs market operations and restricts competition.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: corporation laws-to-S5 Policy ---
|
||||
|
||||
# corporation laws -> S5 Policy
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Legal privileges granted to incorporated trades and professions that restrict competition by limiting who may practice the trade, often requiring apprenticeship terms, membership fees, or other barriers to entry, thereby enabling members to charge higher prices than would prevail under free competition.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 5 defines the identity, values, and purpose of the organisation. It represents the supreme policy-making authority that establishes the overarching framework within which all other systems operate.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Corporation laws reflect sovereign policy choices about the structure of economic organisation and the balance between competition and regulation. They express fundamental policy decisions about economic identity and the role of the state in market governance.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: settlement laws-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# settlement laws -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Legal provisions that restrict the movement of poor persons by requiring them to obtain official settlement in a parish before residing there, creating significant barriers to labour mobility and preventing workers from moving to areas where their skills might be most valued.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations and controls the internal environment. It creates the rules that determine how resources, including labour, can be deployed.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Settlement laws represent direct regulatory control over labour mobility and resource allocation. They establish the institutional framework that governs where workers can operate and create artificial constraints on the internal economic environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: certificates-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# certificates -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Official documents issued by one parish that certify a person's legal settlement there, allowing them to reside in another parish without gaining settlement rights there, serving as a partial remedy to the settlement laws' restrictions on labour mobility.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides coordination mechanisms that allow different operational units to communicate and resolve conflicts. It creates standardised procedures for managing interactions between different parts of the system.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Certificates function as coordination mechanisms that facilitate labour movement between parishes while maintaining settlement control. They create a standardised administrative procedure for managing the complex interactions between different local jurisdictions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: public education of professionals-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# public education of professionals -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The practice of funding the education of clergy, lawyers, physicians, and other professionals through public or charitable means, which creates an oversupply of practitioners and drives down their earnings below what would prevail if education were funded privately.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the institutional structures that control how resources are allocated and how professions are organised.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Public funding of professional education represents a regulatory choice about how human capital is developed and deployed. It establishes the institutional framework that governs professional training and creates artificial conditions in the labour market.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: speculative trade-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# speculative trade -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A form of commerce where merchants rapidly shift between different commodities and markets based on anticipated profit opportunities, rather than maintaining regular, established business operations in specific trades, characterized by irregular and unpredictable returns.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Speculative trade functions as an intelligence-gathering activity that responds to environmental signals about market conditions. It represents the strategic adaptation of capital to changing opportunities in the external economic environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: natural state of employments-to-S5 Policy ---
|
||||
|
||||
# natural state of employments -> S5 Policy
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The condition of economic activities when they are left to follow their natural course without artificial restraints or encouragements, where wages and profits adjust freely according to supply and demand, allowing inequalities to be compensated by corresponding advantages or disadvantages.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 5 defines the identity, values, and purpose of the organisation. It represents the supreme policy-making authority that establishes the overarching framework and philosophical foundations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The concept of the natural state represents the fundamental policy framework for understanding economic organisation. It expresses the philosophical identity of the economic system and the policy principles that should govern economic activity.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: ordinary state of employments-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# ordinary state of employments -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The typical or usual condition of economic activities when demand for labour fluctuates around normal levels, as opposed to periods of extraordinary demand or declining industries, representing the baseline against which exceptional wage variations are measured.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose under normal conditions. These are the routine productive activities that constitute the day-to-day operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The ordinary state of employments represents the baseline operational condition of the economic system under normal circumstances. It describes the routine functioning of System 1 units when they are operating under typical market conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: principal employments-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# principal employments -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The main or primary occupation through which individuals derive their subsistence, as opposed to secondary or occasional work undertaken during leisure time, which affects how wages are determined and how workers value their time.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the main operational units that directly create value through their core productive activities.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Principal employments are the core System 1 operations through which individuals generate their primary economic output. They represent the main productive activities that constitute the fundamental operations of the economic system.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: public mourning effects-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# public mourning effects -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The temporary increase in demand for black cloth and related mourning goods that raises their market price above the natural price, creating higher profits for dealers in these commodities during periods of national bereavement.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures information about external environmental conditions and identifies opportunities for strategic response. It monitors changes in the environment that require adaptation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Public mourning effects represent environmental signals that create temporary market opportunities requiring strategic response. They function as intelligence about changing demand conditions that affect capital allocation decisions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: piece-work wages-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# piece-work wages -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A system of compensation where workers are paid according to the quantity of output they produce rather than receiving a fixed daily or weekly wage, creating a direct incentive for increased productivity and diligence.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce value. These are the direct productive activities that create economic output.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Piece-work wages are directly tied to operational output and productivity. They represent the compensation mechanism for System 1 units based on their actual production rather than time spent, making them intrinsic to operational performance.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: piece-work wages-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# piece-work wages -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A system of compensation where workers are paid according to the quantity of output they produce rather than receiving a fixed daily or weekly wage, creating a direct incentive for increased productivity and diligence.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the rules and controls that govern how System 1 operations function. It creates the incentive structures and performance management systems.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Piece-work wages represent a control mechanism that governs worker behaviour and productivity. They establish the rules for compensation that directly influence operational performance and create the incentive structure for System 1 units.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: common labour wages-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# common labour wages -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The standard compensation paid to unskilled or semi-skilled workers performing basic manual tasks, which serves as a benchmark against which wages in other occupations are compared and often adjusted.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the fundamental productive activities that create basic economic value.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Common labour wages represent the baseline compensation for fundamental System 1 operations. They establish the standard for measuring the value of basic productive work and serve as the reference point for all other operational compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: scarcity of hands-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# scarcity of hands -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A condition in specific localities where the supply of available workers falls short of demand, causing wages to rise above their normal level as employers compete for limited labour resources.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that balance supply and demand between different operational units. It resolves conflicts and ensures smooth operation across the system.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Scarcity of hands represents a coordination problem that requires System 2 mechanisms to resolve. It creates the need for wage adjustments and labour mobility that coordinate the distribution of workers across different employments.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: overstocked market conditions-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# overstocked market conditions -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A situation where the supply of workers in a particular trade exceeds the demand for their services, forcing wages down below what would be necessary to attract new entrants and causing existing practitioners to accept lower compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that balance supply and demand and resolve conflicts between operational units. It ensures that resources are properly distributed across the system.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Overstocked market conditions represent coordination failures that require System 2 mechanisms to resolve. They create the need for market adjustments that coordinate the distribution of workers across different employments.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: advancing state of manufacture-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# advancing state of manufacture -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A condition of industrial development where production is expanding, creating continual demand for new workers and maintaining higher wages due to the growing need for labour in the expanding enterprise.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through manufacturing and production.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Advancing manufacture represents the operational expansion of System 1 units in the manufacturing sector. It describes the growth and development of primary productive activities that create economic value through increased production.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: declining manufacture-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# declining manufacture -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A condition of industrial contraction where production is decreasing, leading to surplus labour supply as workers cannot easily transition to other employments due to legal and institutional barriers, forcing wages down below sustainable levels.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through manufacturing and production.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Declining manufacture represents the operational contraction of System 1 units in the manufacturing sector. It describes the reduction and potential failure of primary productive activities that create economic value through decreased production.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: inland trade-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# inland trade -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Commercial exchange that occurs within the boundaries of a single country, as distinguished from foreign trade, which Smith notes is generally less uncertain in its returns and therefore typically offers lower profit rates than foreign commerce.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through commercial exchange and trade.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Inland trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in domestic commercial exchange. It constitutes the primary productive work of merchants and traders operating within the national economy.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: foreign trade-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# foreign trade -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Commercial exchange between different countries, which Smith identifies as generally more uncertain in its returns than inland trade, though the degree of uncertainty varies among different branches of foreign commerce.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats in the broader environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Foreign trade functions as an intelligence-gathering activity that responds to environmental signals about international market conditions. It represents the strategic adaptation of capital to opportunities in the external global economic environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: smuggling trade-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# smuggling trade -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The illegal transportation of goods across borders to avoid customs duties and trade restrictions, which Smith identifies as the most hazardous of all trades but also potentially the most profitable when successful.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats, including those that exist in regulatory grey areas.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Smuggling trade represents the extreme end of environmental scanning and strategic response to regulatory constraints. It functions as an intelligence activity that identifies and exploits gaps in the regulatory environment for strategic advantage.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: common returns of stock-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# common returns of stock -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The typical or average profits earned by capital employed in various trades under normal market conditions, which Smith argues should be sufficient to compensate for occasional losses and provide a surplus profit comparable to insurance returns if risk were fully compensated.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through the deployment of capital in various trades.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Common returns of stock represent the baseline operational performance of capital deployed in System 1 activities. They establish the standard measure of success for capital employed in primary productive activities across different trades.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: extraordinary profits-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# extraordinary profits -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Returns on capital that significantly exceed the common or average profits in a particular trade or location, typically occurring when new enterprises are established or when demand conditions temporarily favour certain commodities.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value, including new enterprises and expanding operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Extraordinary profits represent exceptional operational performance by System 1 units. They describe the above-normal returns achieved by primary productive activities during periods of expansion or favourable market conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: public registers of manufactures-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# public registers of manufactures -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Official records maintained in towns that list the names and locations of tradesmen practicing specific occupations, which Smith argues facilitates the formation of trade combinations and price-fixing agreements by making it easier for competitors to communicate and coordinate.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that allow operational units to communicate and resolve conflicts. It creates standardised procedures for managing interactions between different parts of the system.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Public registers function as coordination mechanisms that facilitate communication between tradesmen. They create standardised administrative procedures that coordinate the interactions between different members of the same trade.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: exclusive corporation-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# exclusive corporation -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A legally privileged trading organisation that restricts membership and limits competition within its trade, enabling members to maintain higher prices and profits than would prevail under free market conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the rules and constraints within which System 1 units operate and establishes the institutional structure of the economy.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Exclusive corporations represent direct regulatory control over economic activities, establishing who can participate in which trades and under what conditions. They create the institutional framework that governs market operations and restricts competition.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: adulterine guilds-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# adulterine guilds -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Unauthorised trade associations that attempt to exercise corporate privileges without formal legal incorporation, which Smith notes were sometimes tolerated by medieval kings in exchange for annual fines, representing early forms of rent-seeking behaviour.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the institutional structures that control how professions and trades are organised and regulated.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Adulterine guilds represent informal regulatory mechanisms that attempt to control trade practices outside the formal legal framework. They establish alternative rules for market governance that operate parallel to official regulatory structures.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Moderate
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: university of trades-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# university of trades -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The medieval term for incorporated trades and crafts, which Smith notes was the proper Latin name for any incorporation, drawing a parallel between the seven-year terms for apprenticeships and the seven-year terms for obtaining academic degrees.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the institutional structures that control how professions and trades are organised and regulated.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The university of trades represents the historical regulatory framework that governed craft organisation and skill transmission. It established the institutional rules for trade governance and professional regulation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: assize of bread-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# assize of bread -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A legal regulation that fixes the price of bread based on the price of wheat, which Smith identifies as one of the few remaining examples of medieval attempts to regulate merchant profits by controlling commodity prices.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the rules and constraints within which System 1 units operate, including price controls and market regulations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The assize of bread represents direct regulatory control over commodity prices and market operations. It establishes the institutional framework that governs how essential goods are priced and distributed in the economy.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: retail trade-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# retail trade -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The sale of goods in small quantities directly to consumers, which Smith notes typically offers higher apparent profits than wholesale trade due to the additional labour and skill required, though much of this apparent profit represents disguised wages.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through commercial exchange and trade.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Retail trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in direct consumer commerce. It constitutes the primary productive work of merchants operating at the final stage of the distribution chain.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: wholesale trade-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# wholesale trade -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The sale of goods in large quantities to retailers or other businesses rather than directly to consumers, which Smith notes typically offers lower apparent profits than retail trade but represents more purely the returns to capital investment.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through commercial exchange and trade.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Wholesale trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in bulk commercial exchange. It constitutes the primary productive work of merchants operating at the intermediate stage of the distribution chain.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: public lottery-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# public lottery -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A government-sponsored gambling scheme where participants purchase tickets for chances to win prizes, which Smith uses as an analogy to illustrate how people systematically overvalue potential gains while undervaluing probable losses.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats, including those based on probability and risk assessment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The public lottery functions as an intelligence mechanism about human decision-making under uncertainty. It represents the strategic assessment of risk and reward in the external environment of economic opportunities.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Moderate
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: maritime employment-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# maritime employment -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Work in the shipping and naval services, which Smith analyses as offering better prospects for advancement and fortune than military service, though still involving significant risks and hardships that are compensated through wages and the hope of prize money.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through maritime commerce and naval services.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Maritime employment represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in shipping and naval services. It constitutes the primary productive work of sailors and naval personnel who create economic value through maritime commerce.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: military employment-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# military employment -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Service in the armed forces, which Smith analyses as offering poor compensation relative to the risks involved, with limited prospects for advancement and wages that fall below those of common labourers, sustained only by romantic notions of honour and distinction.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through military service and national defence.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Military employment represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in armed forces service. It constitutes the primary productive work of soldiers who create economic value through national defence and military operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: public executioner-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# public executioner -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The state official responsible for carrying out capital punishment, which Smith identifies as the most detestable of all employments yet paradoxically better paid than most common trades relative to the amount of work performed.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value, even when they involve socially necessary but disagreeable work.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Public executioner represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in state execution services. It constitutes the primary productive work of state officials who create economic value through the performance of necessary but socially disagreeable functions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: poacher-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# poacher -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
An individual who illegally hunts or fishes on private property, which Smith identifies as typically being very poor even in countries where poaching is severely punished, illustrating how natural enjoyment of certain activities can drive down compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value, even when they operate outside legal frameworks.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Poacher represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in illegal hunting and fishing. It constitutes the primary productive work of individuals who create economic value through the extraction of natural resources, even when operating outside legal frameworks.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Moderate
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: coal-heaver-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# coal-heaver -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A labourer who unloads coal from ships, which Smith identifies as performing work that is extremely arduous, dirty, and subject to irregular employment, commanding wages that are four to five times higher than common labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through manual labour and material handling.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Coal-heaver represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in manual labour for material handling. It constitutes the primary productive work of labourers who create economic value through the physical movement of coal and other materials.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: collier-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# collier -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A coal miner, which Smith identifies as performing extremely dangerous and dirty work that commands wages double or triple those of common labour, illustrating how hazardous and disagreeable employment commands premium compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through extraction and mining operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Collier represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in coal mining. It constitutes the primary productive work of miners who create economic value through the extraction of coal from the earth.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: butcher trade-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# butcher trade -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The commercial activity of slaughtering and selling meat, which Smith identifies as a brutal and odious business that nonetheless offers higher profits than most common trades due to its disagreeable nature.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through food processing and distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Butcher trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in meat processing and distribution. It constitutes the primary productive work of butchers who create economic value through the transformation of livestock into consumable meat products.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: inn or tavern keeper-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# inn or tavern keeper -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
An individual who operates a lodging and drinking establishment, which Smith identifies as a business that is neither agreeable nor creditable due to the lack of household autonomy and exposure to difficult customers, yet can yield substantial profits relative to the capital required.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through hospitality and service industries.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Inn or tavern keeper represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in hospitality services. It constitutes the primary productive work of service providers who create economic value through lodging and food service operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
@@ -0,0 +1,899 @@
|
||||
--- MAPPING: wages of labour-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# wages of labour -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The monetary compensation paid to workers for their time and effort, which varies according to five principal circumstances: the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employment itself, the ease or difficulty of learning the trade, the constancy or inconstancy of employment, the degree of trust required in the worker, and the probability or improbability of success in the occupation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the operational units that directly create value through concrete work and production activities. Each operational element is itself a viable system with autonomy within constraints.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Wages of labour directly represent the compensation for operational work performed by System 1 units. The labour itself is the primary productive activity that creates economic value, making wages the direct price of System 1 operations. Smith's analysis of wage differentials across employments reflects how different operational activities command different compensation based on their characteristics.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: wages of labour-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# wages of labour -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The monetary compensation paid to workers for their time and effort, which varies according to five principal circumstances: the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employment itself, the ease or difficulty of learning the trade, the constancy or inconstancy of employment, the degree of trust required in the worker, and the probability or improbability of success in the occupation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides the information channels and bodies that allow primary activities to communicate with each other and coordinate. It dampens oscillations and resolves conflicts between operational units through standardisation and scheduling mechanisms.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Wage rates function as coordination signals that balance labour supply and demand across different employments. They resolve conflicts between workers competing for positions and employers competing for labour by providing a common metric for valuing different types of work. The five circumstances Smith identifies that affect wages represent the coordination parameters that balance labour markets.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: wages of labour-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# wages of labour -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The monetary compensation paid to workers for their time and effort, which varies according to five principal circumstances: the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the employment itself, the ease or difficulty of learning the trade, the constancy or inconstancy of employment, the degree of trust required in the worker, and the probability or improbability of success in the occupation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the rules, resources, rights, and responsibilities of System 1 operations and provides an interface between operational units and higher management. It represents day-to-day control that optimises the internal environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Wages represent the primary mechanism through which economic control is exercised over labour. They establish the resource allocation rules for human capital and create the framework within which workers operate. Wage policies and labour regulations fall under System 3's domain of internal economic governance.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: profits of stock-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# profits of stock -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The returns earned by those who employ capital in various trades and employments, which are affected by the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the business and the risk or security with which it is attended, but are less influenced by the difficulty of learning the trade compared to wages of labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the operational units that directly create value through concrete work and production activities, including the deployment of capital in productive enterprises.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Profits of stock represent the returns to capital deployed in operational activities that directly produce economic value. The employment of stock in various trades constitutes the operational work of System 1 units at the capital deployment level, making profits the direct measure of success for these operational activities.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: profits of stock-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# profits of stock -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The returns earned by those who employ capital in various trades and employments, which are affected by the agreeableness or disagreeableness of the business and the risk or security with which it is attended, but are less influenced by the difficulty of learning the trade compared to wages of labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures all relevant information about the outside-and-then environment and is responsible for strategic responses. It looks outward to monitor how the organisation needs to adapt to remain viable.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Profits serve as intelligence signals about the viability of different capital employments in the external environment. They indicate which trades and markets offer favourable conditions for investment and which do not, providing the information necessary for strategic capital allocation decisions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: apprenticeships-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# apprenticeships -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A system where young workers serve a master for a fixed term (historically seven years) to learn a trade, during which the apprentice's labour belongs to the master while the master provides training, maintenance, and sometimes a small wage, creating barriers to entry in certain trades.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the rules, resources, rights, and responsibilities of System 1 operations. It represents the regulatory framework that governs how operational units function and interact.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Apprenticeships represent a regulatory mechanism that controls entry into trades and governs the relationship between masters and apprentices. They establish the rules for skill transmission and create institutional barriers that affect the internal structure of economic operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: apprenticeships-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# apprenticeships -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A system where young workers serve a master for a fixed term (historically seven years) to learn a trade, during which the apprentice's labour belongs to the master while the master provides training, maintenance, and sometimes a small wage, creating barriers to entry in certain trades.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that allow operational units to communicate and resolve conflicts. It standardises practices and creates the information channels necessary for smooth operation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Apprenticeship systems coordinate the transmission of skills across generations and establish standardised training periods that affect labour market dynamics. They create coordination mechanisms for skill development that influence how different trades maintain their workforce.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Moderate
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: corporation laws-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# corporation laws -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Legal privileges granted to incorporated trades and professions that restrict competition by limiting who may practice the trade, often requiring apprenticeship terms, membership fees, or other barriers to entry, thereby enabling members to charge higher prices than would prevail under free competition.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the rules and constraints within which System 1 units operate.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Corporation laws represent direct regulatory control over economic activities, establishing who can participate in which trades and under what conditions. They create the institutional framework that governs market operations and restricts competition.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: corporation laws-to-S5 Policy ---
|
||||
|
||||
# corporation laws -> S5 Policy
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Legal privileges granted to incorporated trades and professions that restrict competition by limiting who may practice the trade, often requiring apprenticeship terms, membership fees, or other barriers to entry, thereby enabling members to charge higher prices than would prevail under free competition.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 5 defines the identity, values, and purpose of the organisation. It represents the supreme policy-making authority that establishes the overarching framework within which all other systems operate.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Corporation laws reflect sovereign policy choices about the structure of economic organisation and the balance between competition and regulation. They express fundamental policy decisions about economic identity and the role of the state in market governance.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: settlement laws-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# settlement laws -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Legal provisions that restrict the movement of poor persons by requiring them to obtain official settlement in a parish before residing there, creating significant barriers to labour mobility and preventing workers from moving to areas where their skills might be most valued.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations and controls the internal environment. It creates the rules that determine how resources, including labour, can be deployed.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Settlement laws represent direct regulatory control over labour mobility and resource allocation. They establish the institutional framework that governs where workers can operate and create artificial constraints on the internal economic environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: certificates-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# certificates -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Official documents issued by one parish that certify a person's legal settlement there, allowing them to reside in another parish without gaining settlement rights there, serving as a partial remedy to the settlement laws' restrictions on labour mobility.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides coordination mechanisms that allow different operational units to communicate and resolve conflicts. It creates standardised procedures for managing interactions between different parts of the system.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Certificates function as coordination mechanisms that facilitate labour movement between parishes while maintaining settlement control. They create a standardised administrative procedure for managing the complex interactions between different local jurisdictions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: public education of professionals-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# public education of professionals -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The practice of funding the education of clergy, lawyers, physicians, and other professionals through public or charitable means, which creates an oversupply of practitioners and drives down their earnings below what would prevail if education were funded privately.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the institutional structures that control how resources are allocated and how professions are organised.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Public funding of professional education represents a regulatory choice about how human capital is developed and deployed. It establishes the institutional framework that governs professional training and creates artificial conditions in the labour market.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: speculative trade-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# speculative trade -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A form of commerce where merchants rapidly shift between different commodities and markets based on anticipated profit opportunities, rather than maintaining regular, established business operations in specific trades, characterized by irregular and unpredictable returns.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Speculative trade functions as an intelligence-gathering activity that responds to environmental signals about market conditions. It represents the strategic adaptation of capital to changing opportunities in the external economic environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: natural state of employments-to-S5 Policy ---
|
||||
|
||||
# natural state of employments -> S5 Policy
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The condition of economic activities when they are left to follow their natural course without artificial restraints or encouragements, where wages and profits adjust freely according to supply and demand, allowing inequalities to be compensated by corresponding advantages or disadvantages.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 5 defines the identity, values, and purpose of the organisation. It represents the supreme policy-making authority that establishes the overarching framework and philosophical foundations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The concept of the natural state represents the fundamental policy framework for understanding economic organisation. It expresses the philosophical identity of the economic system and the policy principles that should govern economic activity.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: ordinary state of employments-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# ordinary state of employments -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The typical or usual condition of economic activities when demand for labour fluctuates around normal levels, as opposed to periods of extraordinary demand or declining industries, representing the baseline against which exceptional wage variations are measured.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose under normal conditions. These are the routine productive activities that constitute the day-to-day operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The ordinary state of employments represents the baseline operational condition of the economic system under normal circumstances. It describes the routine functioning of System 1 units when they are operating under typical market conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: principal employments-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# principal employments -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The main or primary occupation through which individuals derive their subsistence, as opposed to secondary or occasional work undertaken during leisure time, which affects how wages are determined and how workers value their time.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the main operational units that directly create value through their core productive activities.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Principal employments are the core System 1 operations through which individuals generate their primary economic output. They represent the main productive activities that constitute the fundamental operations of the economic system.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: public mourning effects-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# public mourning effects -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The temporary increase in demand for black cloth and related mourning goods that raises their market price above the natural price, creating higher profits for dealers in these commodities during periods of national bereavement.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures information about external environmental conditions and identifies opportunities for strategic response. It monitors changes in the environment that require adaptation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Public mourning effects represent environmental signals that create temporary market opportunities requiring strategic response. They function as intelligence about changing demand conditions that affect capital allocation decisions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: piece-work wages-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# piece-work wages -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A system of compensation where workers are paid according to the quantity of output they produce rather than receiving a fixed daily or weekly wage, creating a direct incentive for increased productivity and diligence.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce value. These are the direct productive activities that create economic output.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Piece-work wages are directly tied to operational output and productivity. They represent the compensation mechanism for System 1 units based on their actual production rather than time spent, making them intrinsic to operational performance.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: piece-work wages-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# piece-work wages -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A system of compensation where workers are paid according to the quantity of output they produce rather than receiving a fixed daily or weekly wage, creating a direct incentive for increased productivity and diligence.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the rules and controls that govern how System 1 operations function. It creates the incentive structures and performance management systems.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Piece-work wages represent a control mechanism that governs worker behaviour and productivity. They establish the rules for compensation that directly influence operational performance and create the incentive structure for System 1 units.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: common labour wages-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# common labour wages -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The standard compensation paid to unskilled or semi-skilled workers performing basic manual tasks, which serves as a benchmark against which wages in other occupations are compared and often adjusted.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the fundamental productive activities that create basic economic value.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Common labour wages represent the baseline compensation for fundamental System 1 operations. They establish the standard for measuring the value of basic productive work and serve as the reference point for all other operational compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: scarcity of hands-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# scarcity of hands -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A condition in specific localities where the supply of available workers falls short of demand, causing wages to rise above their normal level as employers compete for limited labour resources.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that balance supply and demand between different operational units. It resolves conflicts and ensures smooth operation across the system.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Scarcity of hands represents a coordination problem that requires System 2 mechanisms to resolve. It creates the need for wage adjustments and labour mobility that coordinate the distribution of workers across different employments.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: overstocked market conditions-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# overstocked market conditions -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A situation where the supply of workers in a particular trade exceeds the demand for their services, forcing wages down below what would be necessary to attract new entrants and causing existing practitioners to accept lower compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that balance supply and demand and resolve conflicts between operational units. It ensures that resources are properly distributed across the system.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Overstocked market conditions represent coordination failures that require System 2 mechanisms to resolve. They create the need for market adjustments that coordinate the distribution of workers across different employments.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: advancing state of manufacture-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# advancing state of manufacture -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A condition of industrial development where production is expanding, creating continual demand for new workers and maintaining higher wages due to the growing need for labour in the expanding enterprise.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through manufacturing and production.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Advancing manufacture represents the operational expansion of System 1 units in the manufacturing sector. It describes the growth and development of primary productive activities that create economic value through increased production.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: declining manufacture-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# declining manufacture -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A condition of industrial contraction where production is decreasing, leading to surplus labour supply as workers cannot easily transition to other employments due to legal and institutional barriers, forcing wages down below sustainable levels.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through manufacturing and production.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Declining manufacture represents the operational contraction of System 1 units in the manufacturing sector. It describes the reduction and potential failure of primary productive activities that create economic value through decreased production.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: inland trade-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# inland trade -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Commercial exchange that occurs within the boundaries of a single country, as distinguished from foreign trade, which Smith notes is generally less uncertain in its returns and therefore typically offers lower profit rates than foreign commerce.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through commercial exchange and trade.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Inland trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in domestic commercial exchange. It constitutes the primary productive work of merchants and traders operating within the national economy.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: foreign trade-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# foreign trade -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Commercial exchange between different countries, which Smith identifies as generally more uncertain in its returns than inland trade, though the degree of uncertainty varies among different branches of foreign commerce.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats in the broader environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Foreign trade functions as an intelligence-gathering activity that responds to environmental signals about international market conditions. It represents the strategic adaptation of capital to opportunities in the external global economic environment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: smuggling trade-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# smuggling trade -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The illegal transportation of goods across borders to avoid customs duties and trade restrictions, which Smith identifies as the most hazardous of all trades but also potentially the most profitable when successful.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats, including those that exist in regulatory grey areas.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Smuggling trade represents the extreme end of environmental scanning and strategic response to regulatory constraints. It functions as an intelligence activity that identifies and exploits gaps in the regulatory environment for strategic advantage.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: common returns of stock-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# common returns of stock -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The typical or average profits earned by capital employed in various trades under normal market conditions, which Smith argues should be sufficient to compensate for occasional losses and provide a surplus profit comparable to insurance returns if risk were fully compensated.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through the deployment of capital in various trades.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Common returns of stock represent the baseline operational performance of capital deployed in System 1 activities. They establish the standard measure of success for capital employed in primary productive activities across different trades.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: extraordinary profits-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# extraordinary profits -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Returns on capital that significantly exceed the common or average profits in a particular trade or location, typically occurring when new enterprises are established or when demand conditions temporarily favour certain commodities.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value, including new enterprises and expanding operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Extraordinary profits represent exceptional operational performance by System 1 units. They describe the above-normal returns achieved by primary productive activities during periods of expansion or favourable market conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: public registers of manufactures-to-S2 Coordination ---
|
||||
|
||||
# public registers of manufactures -> S2 Coordination
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Official records maintained in towns that list the names and locations of tradesmen practicing specific occupations, which Smith argues facilitates the formation of trade combinations and price-fixing agreements by making it easier for competitors to communicate and coordinate.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 2 provides the coordination mechanisms that allow operational units to communicate and resolve conflicts. It creates standardised procedures for managing interactions between different parts of the system.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Public registers function as coordination mechanisms that facilitate communication between tradesmen. They create standardised administrative procedures that coordinate the interactions between different members of the same trade.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: exclusive corporation-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# exclusive corporation -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A legally privileged trading organisation that restricts membership and limits competition within its trade, enabling members to maintain higher prices and profits than would prevail under free market conditions.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the rules and constraints within which System 1 units operate and establishes the institutional structure of the economy.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Exclusive corporations represent direct regulatory control over economic activities, establishing who can participate in which trades and under what conditions. They create the institutional framework that governs market operations and restricts competition.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: adulterine guilds-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# adulterine guilds -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Unauthorised trade associations that attempt to exercise corporate privileges without formal legal incorporation, which Smith notes were sometimes tolerated by medieval kings in exchange for annual fines, representing early forms of rent-seeking behaviour.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the institutional structures that control how professions and trades are organised and regulated.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Adulterine guilds represent informal regulatory mechanisms that attempt to control trade practices outside the formal legal framework. They establish alternative rules for market governance that operate parallel to official regulatory structures.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Moderate
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: university of trades-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# university of trades -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The medieval term for incorporated trades and crafts, which Smith notes was the proper Latin name for any incorporation, drawing a parallel between the seven-year terms for apprenticeships and the seven-year terms for obtaining academic degrees.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the institutional structures that control how professions and trades are organised and regulated.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The university of trades represents the historical regulatory framework that governed craft organisation and skill transmission. It established the institutional rules for trade governance and professional regulation.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: assize of bread-to-S3 Control ---
|
||||
|
||||
# assize of bread -> S3 Control
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A legal regulation that fixes the price of bread based on the price of wheat, which Smith identifies as one of the few remaining examples of medieval attempts to regulate merchant profits by controlling commodity prices.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 3 establishes the regulatory framework that governs economic operations. It creates the rules and constraints within which System 1 units operate, including price controls and market regulations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The assize of bread represents direct regulatory control over commodity prices and market operations. It establishes the institutional framework that governs how essential goods are priced and distributed in the economy.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: retail trade-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# retail trade -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The sale of goods in small quantities directly to consumers, which Smith notes typically offers higher apparent profits than wholesale trade due to the additional labour and skill required, though much of this apparent profit represents disguised wages.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through commercial exchange and trade.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Retail trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in direct consumer commerce. It constitutes the primary productive work of merchants operating at the final stage of the distribution chain.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: wholesale trade-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# wholesale trade -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The sale of goods in large quantities to retailers or other businesses rather than directly to consumers, which Smith notes typically offers lower apparent profits than retail trade but represents more purely the returns to capital investment.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through commercial exchange and trade.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Wholesale trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in bulk commercial exchange. It constitutes the primary productive work of merchants operating at the intermediate stage of the distribution chain.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: public lottery-to-S4 Intelligence ---
|
||||
|
||||
# public lottery -> S4 Intelligence
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A government-sponsored gambling scheme where participants purchase tickets for chances to win prizes, which Smith uses as an analogy to illustrate how people systematically overvalue potential gains while undervaluing probable losses.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 4 captures information about the external environment and is responsible for strategic responses to changing conditions. It looks outward to identify opportunities and threats, including those based on probability and risk assessment.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
The public lottery functions as an intelligence mechanism about human decision-making under uncertainty. It represents the strategic assessment of risk and reward in the external environment of economic opportunities.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Moderate
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: maritime employment-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# maritime employment -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Work in the shipping and naval services, which Smith analyses as offering better prospects for advancement and fortune than military service, though still involving significant risks and hardships that are compensated through wages and the hope of prize money.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through maritime commerce and naval services.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Maritime employment represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in shipping and naval services. It constitutes the primary productive work of sailors and naval personnel who create economic value through maritime commerce.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: military employment-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# military employment -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
Service in the armed forces, which Smith analyses as offering poor compensation relative to the risks involved, with limited prospects for advancement and wages that fall below those of common labourers, sustained only by romantic notions of honour and distinction.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through military service and national defence.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Military employment represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in armed forces service. It constitutes the primary productive work of soldiers who create economic value through national defence and military operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: public executioner-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# public executioner -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The state official responsible for carrying out capital punishment, which Smith identifies as the most detestable of all employments yet paradoxically better paid than most common trades relative to the amount of work performed.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value, even when they involve socially necessary but disagreeable work.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Public executioner represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in state execution services. It constitutes the primary productive work of state officials who create economic value through the performance of necessary but socially disagreeable functions.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: poacher-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# poacher -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
An individual who illegally hunts or fishes on private property, which Smith identifies as typically being very poor even in countries where poaching is severely punished, illustrating how natural enjoyment of certain activities can drive down compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value, even when they operate outside legal frameworks.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Poacher represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in illegal hunting and fishing. It constitutes the primary productive work of individuals who create economic value through the extraction of natural resources, even when operating outside legal frameworks.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Moderate
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: coal-heaver-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# coal-heaver -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A labourer who unloads coal from ships, which Smith identifies as performing work that is extremely arduous, dirty, and subject to irregular employment, commanding wages that are four to five times higher than common labour.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through manual labour and material handling.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Coal-heaver represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in manual labour for material handling. It constitutes the primary productive work of labourers who create economic value through the physical movement of coal and other materials.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: collier-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# collier -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
A coal miner, which Smith identifies as performing extremely dangerous and dirty work that commands wages double or triple those of common labour, illustrating how hazardous and disagreeable employment commands premium compensation.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through extraction and mining operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Collier represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in coal mining. It constitutes the primary productive work of miners who create economic value through the extraction of coal from the earth.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: butcher trade-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# butcher trade -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
The commercial activity of slaughtering and selling meat, which Smith identifies as a brutal and odious business that nonetheless offers higher profits than most common trades due to its disagreeable nature.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through food processing and distribution.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Butcher trade represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in meat processing and distribution. It constitutes the primary productive work of butchers who create economic value through the transformation of livestock into consumable meat products.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
|
||||
--- MAPPING: inn or tavern keeper-to-S1 Operations ---
|
||||
|
||||
# inn or tavern keeper -> S1 Operations
|
||||
|
||||
## Economic Entity Reference
|
||||
|
||||
An individual who operates a lodging and drinking establishment, which Smith identifies as a business that is neither agreeable nor creditable due to the lack of household autonomy and exposure to difficult customers, yet can yield substantial profits relative to the capital required.
|
||||
|
||||
## VSM Concept Reference
|
||||
|
||||
System 1 represents the primary operational activities that produce the organisation's purpose. These are the productive activities that create economic value through hospitality and service industries.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Rationale
|
||||
|
||||
Inn or tavern keeper represents the operational activities of System 1 units engaged in hospitality services. It constitutes the primary productive work of service providers who create economic value through lodging and food service operations.
|
||||
|
||||
## Mapping Strength
|
||||
|
||||
Strong
|
||||
File diff suppressed because it is too large
Load Diff
@@ -284,3 +284,29 @@
|
||||
concern: C1
|
||||
metadata:
|
||||
source: collection-checks
|
||||
- snapshot_id: 073044bf
|
||||
created_at: '2026-02-19T14:58:09.290751+00:00'
|
||||
schema_name: default
|
||||
entity_count: 236
|
||||
entity_evaluations: []
|
||||
collection_metrics:
|
||||
- name: coherence_components
|
||||
value: 0.0
|
||||
concern: C3
|
||||
- name: consistency_cycles
|
||||
value: 0.0
|
||||
concern: C4
|
||||
- name: coverage_ratio
|
||||
value: 0.5138888888888888
|
||||
concern: C2
|
||||
- name: granularity_entropy
|
||||
value: 2.7721078936148817
|
||||
concern: C5
|
||||
- name: modularity
|
||||
value: 0.0
|
||||
concern: C3
|
||||
- name: redundancy_ratio
|
||||
value: 0.00847457627118644
|
||||
concern: C1
|
||||
metadata:
|
||||
source: collection-checks
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
|
||||
coherence_components: 0.0
|
||||
consistency_cycles: 0.0
|
||||
coverage_ratio: 0.546875
|
||||
granularity_entropy: 2.738157
|
||||
coverage_ratio: 0.513889
|
||||
granularity_entropy: 2.772108
|
||||
modularity: 0.0
|
||||
redundancy_ratio: 0.008658
|
||||
redundancy_ratio: 0.008475
|
||||
|
||||
@@ -275,3 +275,44 @@
|
||||
finish_reason: stop
|
||||
duration_seconds: 71.7
|
||||
error: null
|
||||
- source_id: book-1-chapter-10
|
||||
processed_at: '2026-02-19T17:59:35Z'
|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
stages:
|
||||
- stage: extract-entities
|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
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|
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||||
|
||||
Reference in New Issue
Block a user